Articles

The purpose of the article is to analyze the background, history and current state of research on issues of ensuring equality between men and women in Russia (gender studies). The gender system exists in any society, determining the behavior, social roles, professions, self-awareness of people depending on gender. The formation of this system (or gender order) is influenced by the forms and types of basic social institutions (such as family, education, economics, politics, religion), as well as the prevailing ideology, cultural norms and values in society. Achieving and observing gender equality is considered by the world community as a necessary condition for the development of social progress. This approach is enshrined in official international documents of the UN, which Russia joined in different years. Gender studies are an interdisciplinary scientific field that studies inequalities in all spheres of human and social activity, and in this sense, they influence public policy, various programs and projects aimed at solving the problems of existing gender inequality. The article briefly presents the history of the emergence of gender studies in Russia, their connection with the policy of ensuring equal rights for women and men and the possibilities of their implementation; the evolution of analytical and organizational principles of the research conducted, as well as their implementation in management institutions at the national, regional and global levels; the current state and vectors of gender studies in Russia are considered; various measurement methods that appear in the study of promising areas of knowledge at the interdisciplinary junction of scientific research of different disciplines are shown.

The formation of a qualitatively new managerial elite became one of the key directions in the transformation of the Russian public administration system in the 18th century. A key role in this process, in relation to the second half of the century, was played by the creator and first curator of Moscow University, Count I. I. Shuvalov. The purpose of this article is to identify and systematize conceptual approaches to the process of improving the education of the country’s managerial elite, proposed by I.I. Shuvalov in the process of his managerial activities. The basic method for implementing this task is to analyze texts written by Shuvalov. This analysis was carried out using methods of documentary, system and semantic analysis. The main result of the analysis was an understanding of the place and role of Shuvalov in the process of transforming the system of training the country's managerial elite. I.I. Shuvalov outlined all the shortcomings of the old system of training the nobility, which, by the middle of the 18th century, had become archaic. He highlighted two key problems of the education system in force at that time: weak motivation to study and the lack of social elevators. At different stages of his activity, as the founder and first curator of Moscow University, he proposed measures to improve the education system. Some of Shuvalov's proposals were implemented and justified themselves. The other part of the measures he proposed was not implemented in the 18th century. In the next century, transformations similar in spirit to Shuvalov’s proposals were carried out.

In 2023, the number of dashboards developed by specialists to support the activities of the Government of the Russian Federation exceeded 1,000 pieces. Based on the analysis of normative legal regulation on the example of the Government of the Russian Federation, the author concludes that at the moment the legislation lacks a system of legal norms that allow assessing the effectiveness of the creation of digital products in the system of public administration of the Russian Federation.

The research used general scientific methods: dialectical method, methods of formal logic, analytical method. As a solution to the problem, the author proposed to form a unified digital system in all regions of the Russian Federation, to approve a system of criteria for assessing the effectiveness of digital products in public administration and, based on the criteria proposed by the author, to evaluate the existing digital products in the regions and federal executive authorities of the Russian Federation. Thus, the author proposes to distinguish 3 categories of evaluation: economic, social and managerial. Economic evaluation is proposed to be carried out on the basis of saved funds and man-hours due to the creation of digital products. Social evaluation based on the criteria of accessibility and speed of services for citizens and the level of trust in the authorities. Managerial evaluation based on the criteria of eliminating duplicate powers and increasing the percentage of transition to digital data exchange.

The presented evaluation system, in the author's opinion, allows us to determine the necessity of using digital solutions at the stage of designing a solution to a problem.

In modern historical science, one of the explanations for the causes of the revolutionary events of 1917 is the assertion that the political regime that existed in the country at the beginning of the last century was an obstacle to the movement of society forward. This should also manifest itself in a slowdown in the development of social infrastructure. In this regard, the article, for the first time in Russian science, sets the goal of giving a comprehensive de- scription of the development of social infrastructure in Russia at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. Particular attention is paid to those areas of infrastructure, the influence of the state on the state and development prospects of which is especially noticeable. These include public health, education, development of science and technology, and transport. To achieve this goal, primarily systematic, historical and comparative methods, as well as factor analysis, were used. The result of the study was the conclusion about the progressive development of the above areas of social infrastructure in the decades preceding the revolution, which was largely determined by the activities of public authorities.

Historical policy is an important tool in the implementation of the policy of building national unity. The object of the article is the activity of the Russian state in the second half of the 15th century. on the formation of a new model of historical politics. The subject of the article is historical politics as a way to overcome the crisis of legitimacy and form a new state paradigm. The purpose of the study is to identify the conditions for the forma- tion of a new model of historical politics, based on the principle of translatio imperii, as well as the forms of transition to this model. The key method is a comparative analysis of texts, ritualized actions and material objects, which, in their totality, constituted the basis of a new model of historical memory. The conclusion is that the main condition for the transition to a new model of his- torical memory has been determined. This is a contradiction between the new ways of exercising state power, and historical ideas about power and manage- ment, which have developed on the basis of the ancient Russian “patrimonial” tradition.

This article addresses the pressing issue of administrative liability for legal entities within the Russian Federation. The relevance of the chosen topic is underscored by the need to adapt the existing system of administrative penalties to contemporary societal conditions and demands, as well as to imple- ment administrative reform.

The research methodology is founded on a comprehensive approach that encompasses the analysis of the legal framework, doctrinal sources, case law, and empirical sociological research. The use of general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction) alongside specialized legal methods (formal legal, comparative legal) enables a thorough investigation of the current mecha- nisms of administrative influence and their practical application.

The findings of the study include an assessment of the effectiveness of the existing system of administrative penalties, an analysis of legislative gaps and issues, and the proposal of new types of punishments, such as license revocation and compulsory liquidation of legal entities for non-compliance with sanctions. The author argues for the necessity of a judicial process to apply these new measures and justifies their proportionality and fairness.

The conclusion of the work highlights the importance of the proposed changes for strengthening legality and order, as well as for protecting the rights and interests of citizens. The author’s suggestions may contribute to the improve- ment of law enforcement practices and legislative activities in the Russian Fed- eration, which would deepen theoretical knowledge in the field of administrative liability and enhance the effectiveness of administrative penalties. 

This work is dedicated to the exploration of regional initiatives for state support of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the Russian Federation. SMEs play a crucial role in the country’s economic development, and the government actively promotes their growth through various programs and initiatives. Despite the existence of a complex set of financial, informational, and legal instruments at the national level, regions devise specific actions tailored to the unique needs of the labor market, resource base, and other factors. The objective of this work is to identify the characteristics of regional initia- tives for state support of SMEs, taking into account both internal and external factors influencing their success. To achieve this goal, a combination of general scientific and specific methods is employed, including content analysis and comparative analysis.

The research findings indicate that regional initiatives for state support can significantly contribute to the development of SMEs. However, the success of such initiatives depends on multiple factors, including effective management, accessibility of financial resources, and the level of entrepreneur involvement.

Scope of application of the research results: activities of regional authori- ties, entrepreneurs, researchers in the field of entrepreneurship theory and practice, addressing issues related to the support of small and medium-sized businesses.

The conclusions of this research underscore the importance of collabora- tion between government entities and entrepreneurs in creating effective mecha- nisms to support SMEs, reinforcing the position of small and medium-sized enterprises in the Russian Federation’s economy, and fostering its sustainable socio-economic developm  

The transition to low-carbon development assumes the develop- ment of mechanisms for the implementation of the Strategy of socio-economic development of the Russian Federation with low greenhouse gas emissions until 2050 at a regional level. Given the projected estimates of the Russian economy’s growth, the task of reducing net greenhouse gas emissions seems extremely difficult. In these conditions, the most effective way to achieve the planned indicators is to develop regional development strategies, taking into account decarbonization programs of the largest regional business players. The purpose of the presented research is to analyze the prospects for coordinating regional and corporate strategies for low-carbon development. Projects to achieve carbon neutrality are present in the program documents of the largest Russian energy companies, such as Gazprom, Rosneft, Tatneft, etc., which play a key role in the economic development of the regions of their presence and provide the main contribution to greenhouse gas emissions. To achieve the goal, an interdisciplin- ary approach was used and methods of comparative analysis and systematization of statistical data were applied. Using the example of the Republic of Tatarstan, it is shown that combining regional and corporate development policies is prom- ising for the transition to low-carbon development. Coordination of regional and corporate strategies assumes environmental management with taking into account the carbon intensity of the economy, the potential for carbon absorption of natural ecosystems and energy efficiency improvements as part of the ESG agenda implemented by companies.

In view of the increasing importance of the Middle East direction in Russian foreign policy, it seems relevant to study the history of ideas about Russia and attitudes towards it in the region. The article examines the evolution of the image of Russia in the Greek environment of the late Ottoman period. Traditionally, Orthodox Greeks, counting on Russian patronage to protect their rights and help in the liberation struggle, acted as allies of Russia in the fight against the Ottoman Empire. However, the acquisition by the Greeks of their own national statehood, the growth of national movements in the region and the defeat of Russia in the Crimean War contributed to the revision of the previ- ous positive image of our country, which was gradually subject to peyorization and demonization.

The article is devoted to the substantiation of the integration paradigm for understanding the motivational process of personnel and to iden- tifying the possibilities of its scientific, theoretical and applied application. It analyzes existing scientific approaches to motivating organizational personnel, showing their methodological limitations and inconsistency with the needs of modern digital society in a holistic, systemic representation of the motivational process, which becomes possible on the basis of the proposed new, integration paradigm of motivation based on the use of activity-based and systemic ap- proaches. System-activity methodology allows us to consider organizational motivation as an integral process of determining the behavior of employees in their practical, individual and collective, managerial and executive, constructive and destructive activities. In the integration paradigm, the fundamental catego- ries of the concept of motivating personnel behavior are rethought, as close as possible to reality, and various, including spontaneous, factors of its determina- tion are taken into account in scientific research and practical work. Attention is focused on the need for collective development, based on the imperatives of the integration paradigm, of a general model of the motivational process, represent- ing various determinants of individual and collective organizational behavior of people in their holistic interaction. Such a model, embodied in appropriate computer programs, could serve as a scientific and applied basis for managing organizational motivation, using which one can take motivational work to a new, higher level that meets the requirements and capabilities of the digital society.

The publication provides an overview of the 20th International Scientific Conference “Public Administration in New Geopolitical and Geo- Economic Conditions”, held annually at the Faculty of Public Administration of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University. During the conference, new trends in the science and practice of public administration, challenges of the modern world economy, problems and prospects of digital transformation of public administration, problems of regional and municipal management, features of staffing the public administration system, prospects for strategic planning, chal- lenges and prospects of Eurasian integration, the role of BRICS countries on the path to establishing a new world order, issues of anti-crisis management of the public and commercial sectors, modern capabilities for managing social systems and personnel management in the face of the challenges of new times. The economic, political, legal aspects of the functioning of public authority, national issues, historical processes, social transformations, issues of sustainable development of the state, crisis phenomena at the macro-, meso- and micro levels, problems of sustainable business development in the context of modern global processes, new personnel technologies of domestic companies.

The article is devoted to study the issue of Russian franchises export potential, which is relevant due to the steady positive dynamics of Russian franchising market over the past few years and the new geopolitical reality. The purpose of this paper is to identify the main factors that indicate the readiness of domestic franchises to enter foreign markets, as well as to identify promising export regions.

The article examines the evolution of Russian franchising development, confirming its effectiveness as a way of scaling business, and resistance to eco- nomic crises. Special attention is paid to Russian franchises already operating in the international market: the main problems of going abroad are revealed, connected with the necessity of “immersion” in the local market, the difficulty of adaptation to the conditions of doing business in a new country, national peculiarities, high financial costs. At the same time, the article analyzes a set of state support measures aimed at solving the problems of entering foreign markets and stimulating the international expansion of Russian companies. The study reveals trends and prospects for the development of Russian franchise exports, considering the capabilities of the franchise model and the conditions of the new economic reality.

The development of information and communication technolo- gies and the rapid digitalization of public life are driving fundamental trans- formations of socio-economic systems into a knowledge society and a digital economy. The speed of change in recent decades leads to the fact that “tradi- tional” economic models are losing their methodological sufficiency for the modern level of science and need to be rethought. As a result, the purpose of the article is to propose an upd ated model of human economic behavior in the context of digital transformation based on an analysis of the evolution of economic behavior models. To achieve the goal of the study, the following tasks were se t: to analyze models of human economic behavior in economics and the humanities; highlight key aspects of digitalization that significantly influence changes in the socio-economic sphere of public life; characterize changes in human economic behavior generated by the digital transformation of society. As a result of the study, factors determining economic behavior in the digital economy were identified. These include: facilitating access to information as a basic consumption product; the emergence of a new form of property (intel- lectual property) and new objects of property (information products); chang- ing relations between producers and consumers, employers and employees; the formation of a “sharing” economy as an innovative form of trade.

The article shows the significant impact of the digital economy on chang- ing the model of human economic behavior. A model of economic behavior is understood as a system, the elements of which determine the guidelines and choices of a person in the economic sphere. These include: the presence of objective limitations and subjective preferences of the individual, the ability to assess possible behavior options, analysis of information, choice of behavior model. In addition to these constant determinants of economic behavior, the model also contains variable factors influencing economic choice. These in- clude: attitude towards information and the ability to access it, motivation for economic activity, rationality of actions and irrationality in decision making, goal setting as a system-forming function of the individual. Variable elements undergo significant transformations, which must be taken into account in the updated model of the behavior of “economic homo.” 

The aim of the paper is to develop methodological approaches to the formation of a multi-level system of public administration for sustainable development on the example of Russia and China. The proposed approaches include: general characteristics of the sustainable development management system (subject, object, forms, principles, methods, result), formalization of project selection, principles for identifying project relationships, tools for pri- oritizing projects, a model for monitoring program performance. Multilevel implies integration not only at the national, mezzo and micro levels, but also at the supranational level — the participation of the United Nations and other international organizations, the implementation of joint projects, primarily with friendly countries. Developed on the example of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) No. 13 “Taking urgent measures to combat climate change and its con- sequences”, the network management model allows formalizing the choice of projects constituting the program, principles and approaches to identifying the interconnection of projects, tools for prioritizing projects, and can be extrapo- lated to other SDGs with high network ranks (the degree of mutual influence on other SDGs). To assess the quality of public administration for sustainable development, the following indicators are proposed: the complexity of national programs and the quality of goal setting, adaptability and flexibility of state institutions in implementing sustainable development goals; business involve- ment in the transition to sustainable development; efficiency and effectiveness of the management system; compliance of legislation and law enforcement with sustainable development objectives; the level of achievement of planned results by the managed system; the degree of publicity when assessment of sustainable projects. Such a set of indicators makes it possible to integrate the assessment of the managed and the management system, to highlight the role of the manage- ment system in the results achieved by the managed system.

Based on the data of the Bank of Russia, a significant decrease in the role of the US currency in the Russian Federation during export-import operations servicing and exchange trading was revealed. It is stated that these processes conflict with the subjective perception of the US dollar as the world’s leading currency, as well as the generally accepted representation of its exchange rate in the media. The conclusion is formulated about the negative impact of the imbalance of the objective value and subjective perception of the dollar on ensuring price stability in the Russian market of goods, works and services: increased attention to the dynamics of its exchange rate is still transmitted to the price level through the mechanism of inflationary expectations, despite the decrease in the real prerequisites for this process.

As a solution to the identified problem, a number of organizational and managerial measures are proposed. They are aimed at the “emotional and psy- chological depreciation” of the US dollar among Russian citizens: firstly, the mode of publication by the Bank of Russia of official foreign exchange rates against the ruble should be changed; secondly, it is necessary to adjust the sequence of representation of data on exchange rates on state information resources; Thirdly, it is necessary to intensify information and explanatory work on the role of the US currency in the Russian economy and financial system by officials and unofficial speakers.

Analytical and statistical methods were used in the study. 

The article is devoted to the study of Russia’s policy towards the Rose revolution, which took place in November 2003 in Georgia. It became the first color revolution in the post-Soviet space, during which a complex of technologies for changing political regimes, tested in Serbia three years earlier, again demonstrated its eff ectiveness. Despite the fact that many aspects of this color revolution have received decent coverage in the scientifi c literature to date, the position and policy of the Russian state in relation to this coup d’etat still remain virtually unexplored. The article provides an overview of Russian-Georgian relations in the post-Soviet period, analyzes the reaction of the Russian authorities to the parliamentary elections held on November 2, 2003 in Georgia, evaluates and systematizes the statements and concrete steps of Russian politicians and diplomats during the implementation of the Rose revolution. The authors used documents from the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation, many of which are being introduced into scientifi c circulation for the fi rst time, electronic resources of Russian state authorities, materials from leading Russian and foreign media. It is concluded that in order to preserve political stability in Georgia, Moscow took a neutral position and even contributed to the settlement of the internal crisis in the country, but as a result of the color revolution anti-Russian forces came to power in Tbilisi, whose policy subsequently led to a signifi cant deterioration of Russian-Georgian relations and to an aggravation of the situation in the South Caucasus region as a whole.

I. von Ribbentrop’s letter to W. Churchill with information about his last conversation with Hitler is of some interest not only for historians, but also for the general public, since the problems of the origin and development of the Second World War raised in it are at the center of the ongoing ideological struggle and psychological warfare.

In his letter, I. Ribbentrop tried to present Hitler’s Germany’s policy towards England as friendly, as well as to justify his and Hitler’s non-involvement in the outbreak of World War II. He offered his own version of the origin of this war: as a consequence of the strengthening of communist propaganda in Germany, after the signing of the Non-Aggression Pact with the USSR, which threatened the unity of the German people, which caused the radicalization of National Socialism.. This version made it possible to remove or reduce Germany’s responsibility for the outbreak of World War II. Being stated, it remained unfounded, contradicting the estimates and thoughts of Hitler reported by Ribbentrop himself. Trying to justify himself, Ribbentrop talked about his disagreements with Hitler, about his negative attitude to the repressions that took place in Germany, hoping that this could ease both the situation of the defeated Germany and his own position in the new world.

An analysis of the contents of this document leads to the conclusion: the main thing that could have been positively assessed by W. Churchill in this letter and could have eased Ribbentrop’s situation was the version of the emergence of the Second World War through the fault of communist ideology and the Soviet Union. Therefore, W. Churchill’s acquaintance of I.V. Stalin with I. Ribbentrop’s letter could have some political significance as one of the arguments in favor of the version about the responsibility of the USSR for the complication of its relations with England.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the state electoral policy of the 1990s, it is shown that the results of the study of the political experience of the 1999 parliamentary elections in Russia can be used for a deeper understanding of modern electoral technologies. The purpose of this article is, based on the complex use of various sources (laws, press materials, electronic resources), to consider the election campaign in the Third Duma because of a contradictory, but at the same time, integral state electoral policy aimed at realizing the electoral rights of citizens and their associations. This research is based on the diachronic, systemic, comparative, and formal legal method. The author identifies the following subjects of electoral policy in the Russian Federation in the late 1990s: The President, the Federal Assembly represented by the State Duma, the highest courts, and the Central Election Commission. At the same time, the field of Russian electoral politics was a diversified and competitive environment, where none of the actors had an absolute advantage. Only close interaction of all branches of government, each of which tried to contribute to the improvement of the electoral model, contributed to the implementation of the Russian electoral policy to ensure the electoral rights of citizens.

For almost two centuries, the ancient Patriarchate of Antioch, domestic Church for orthodox population of Syria and Lebanon, was under the control of the Greek patriarchs. At the beginning of the 20th century it regained its independence. Though it was not only a benefit, but also a real challenge, including internal crises. One of the first was the crisis of 1913. At the beginning of the year, Patriarch Gregory IV of Antioch visited Russia, and soon after his return, a sharp conflict broke out inside the patriarchate. On the basis of Russian diplomatic documents, the article analyzes the causes and development of the crisis in the Patriarchate of Antioch, clarifies the role of Russian diplomacy in resolving the conflict between the patriarch and the synodal opposition, and determines the impact that the patriarch’s trip to Russia had on the progress of the crisis.

This article focused on the development of the management system and organization structure of the soviet oil industry in 1920s-1930s. In the article were analized changes in the structure of government bodies since abolition NEP to the moment of creation of People’s Commissariat of the Oil Industry (Narkomneft). Affected reforms resulted in increased centralization and the growth of bureaucracy. But thanks to these changes, the overall performance of the industry has increased, expressed in an increase in oil production, oil refining and a significant expansion of prospecting geological works. Creation of the Narkomneft became the last stage of the pre-war reforms in the management of the soviet oil industry. The People’s Commissariat of the Oil Industry retained leading government structure over the oil industry until 1946, when it was divided into two People’s Commissars (later ministries) of the oil industry.

The article is devoted to the interpretation of conceptual approaches (market and resource) to the formation of competitive advantages of companies. The key features of the classic business environment and the prerequisites on which the market and resource approaches are based are formulated. The differences were revealed between two opposite approaches to competition (according to Porter) — “to be the best” or “to be unique”. The limitedness of the “being the best” approach is shown, and it is proved that strategy is responsible for the uniqueness (of a product or method), and uniqueness is achieved through innovation. Attention is drawn to the fact that companies make strategic choices simultaneously in the space of results and in the space of risks, so this can lead to both success and failure (this is the essence of the strategic paradox). And the conclusion was made that the more extreme (extreme) strategies the company adheres to, the greater the strategic risk it takes upon itself, and this can lead to both obtaining large profits and ending in bankruptcy. Michael Raynor’s rationale is given that companies seeking to avoid risk (implementing hybrid strategies) make a choice in favor of lower profits (in favor of mediocrity), but this statement in some cases does not find confirmation in reality. It has been proven in practice that if a company manages to quickly move from one wave of competitive advantage to another, then it can maintain a sustainable competitive advantage for a long time; an algorithm for such a transition is presented.

The article reveals the current state of participatory governance practices on the example of the implementation of urban development projects in terms of improvement, key barriers and boundaries of civic participation in addressing the development of urban environment. The problems are considered through the concepts of political governance, trust within the existing regulatory framework and actual participatory practices in the regional context of 85 subjects of the Russian Federation, as well as taking into account the specifics of the current political landscape. The necessity of modifying the existing paradigm of interaction between the authorities and society in terms of improving the quality and intensity of such interaction is elaborated and substantiated, and successful cases from the regions of the Russian Federation with positive results and confirming the effectiveness of the active inclusion of society in the dialogue with the state are presented.

The article analyzes the concept and elements of the innovation infrastructure created in the subjects of the Russian Federation over the past thirty years. The author evaluates the evolution of the use of such innovative infrastructure facilities as business incubators, techno parks, clusters, SEZs in the regions of our country, and comes to the conclusion that the results of their use in recent years are quite modest and do not lead to a significant increase in the production of innovative products. At the same time, the author uses the example of a number of subjects of the Siberian Federal District (Krasnoyarsk Krai, Novosibirsk and Tomsk Regions, the Republic of Yakutia) to determine the advantages of using such innovative development institutions as research support funds, venture and guarantee funds, as well as regional development corporations by the subjects of the Russian Federation. The article suggests linking federal priorities for the development of science and innovation support with regional priorities, defining subjects and criteria for providing assistance at the expense of regional budgets in the relevant regional law on innovation, as well as building a clear system for providing types of subsidies in regional state programs for the development of innovation. In addition, the article proposes to legislatively regulate the activities of existing regional institutions of regional innovative development (science support funds, development corporations, innovation support funds).

The article examines the role of state information systems as a regulator of public relations. The author proceeds from the premise that the rules and requirements laid down in the algorithms of such systems, under certain circumstances, have all the signs of a legal norm and actually act in their capacity, and the state information systems themselves de facto become a source of law. Using the method of analysis, the author highlights the existing problems associated with the use of state information systems in such a role: the uncertainty of legal consequences, the heterogeneity of law enforcement practice, the conflict of legality and legitimacy. The principal solution to these problems, according to the author’s conclusion, is the recognition of state and municipal information systems as a form (source) of law de jure, their integration into the legal system and the extension of the principles and stages of the lawmaking process to their creation.

In the article the authors consider the main directions and some controversial aspects of public participation in ensuring law and order in the Russian Federation. The study draws attention to the ambiguity of the term “social formation” used in the doctrine, insufficient material incentives for the participation of certain public formations in ensuring law and order, and modern legal modernization of the foundations of interaction between the state and civil society in ensuring constitutional law and order. Based on the analysis of Russian legislation, the authors identified several forms of participation of public formations in the protection of public order: participation of citizens in the protection of public order, freelance cooperation with internal affairs bodies, participation of citizens in the search for missing persons, public associations (public initiative bodies), public organizations, people’s guards, points of public order protection, Russian Cossacks, local government institutions (municipal bodies, territorial public self-government). Special attention is paid to the analysis of the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of July 2, 2021 No 400 “On the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation” adopted in July 2021, which forms a consistent model of interaction between civil society and the state in the field of ensuring national security. The authors summarize that today it is important to improve the regulatory framework for establishing legal possibilities for the functioning of public formations to strengthen the constitutional order on the basis of optimal forms of cooperation with the state.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation provides that laws must not be adopted in Russia that abolish or diminish the rights and freedoms of a person and citizen (part 2 of article 55). However, the national legal system cannot be in a state of permanent homeostasis and changes in the legal regulation of legislative models for the realization of certain rights are inevitable. At the same time, the principle of maintaining the confidence of citizens in the law and the actions of state power performs the function of verifying the legal (including legislative) policy to constitutional maxima.

The difficulty is associated with the search for criteria for the permissibility of legislative transformations of conditions and the procedure for the implementation of constitutional rights, “boundary conditions,” under which such changes in legal regulation can be recognized as permissible. The article examines the various methods used by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation to limit the discretion of the legislator in accordance with the principle of maintaining confidence in the law and the actions of state authorities.

The article analyzes the current state of foreign historiography of the color revolutions that took place in 2000–2014 in Eastern Europe and the post-Soviet space. The main concepts and approaches of leading American and European specialists are considered, problematic positions in the study of the phenomenon of color revolutions and ways to solve them are indicated. The main emphasis is placed on the study of the historiography of the color revolutions in each of the countries in which regime change during this periodtook place. The author comes to the conclusion that there are still many scientific gaps in the framework of the foreign discourse on color revolutions. This is especially true of the problem of country studies, since many issues related to the regime changein Serbia, Georgia, Ukraine and Kyrgyzstan still remain unsolved.

During the last years in Russia, the significance of public service ethics has grown. The article contains some examples of higher-profile cases of violation of ethics by public servants. To author opinion, the measures of ethical regulation in our country are fragmentary. Preventing illegal, unethical, or undesirable behavior in the public service is a complex task and requires an integrated approach, development of an integrity system for maintaining ethics. By the beginning of the XXI century, western countries had formed an idea about a set of measures to improve public service ethics, reflected in the concept of “ethical infrastructure”. It’s concluded that the comprehensive development of the ethical infrastructure of the public service will contribute to the understanding among public servants of what is permissible and unacceptable in behavior, words, and professional activities. Also, it will lead to an increase in the efficiency of the work of state authorities and strengthens public confidence in the state authorities.

The article is devoted to the consideration of anti-corruption technologies in the state civil and municipal service based on the analysis of the best practices presented in the nomination “Anti-Corruption Technologies” at the annual competition held by the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation in 2015–2019. Participation in the competition of state bodies and local self-government bodies shows not only their interest, but also an active search for new personnel technologies, which should increase the effectiveness of anti-corruption policy. Currently, the majority of anti-corruption technologies in the state and municipal service are based on information and communication platforms. This allows not only to optimize the processes, but also to increase the transparency and openness of the activities of state bodies and local self-government bodies.

The combating corruption and improving the reputation of the civil (municipal) service are important areas of national policy. The article reveals legal and ethical problems associated with the application of such grounds for dismissal as a loss of trust. Analysis of legislation, professional and official ethics codes and practice of application of “loss of trust” revealed the following trends: widening of the scope of persons dismissed due to loss of trust; difference in the grounds for dismissal due to loss of trust; ignoring the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, which enshrine the need for more detailed regulation and careful application of this measure of responsibility. A “gender portrait” of people dismissed due to loss of trust has been compiled. Proposed to create a legal definition of “loss of trust,” to clarify the cases of its application.

The article provides an ethical examination of the conformity of universal moral values to the moral practice of the modern consumer society, represented by the conceptual metaphor “era of emptiness”, reflecting the meaning of crisis/ anomie of the controlling function of basic virtues and ethical rationalism as a way of justifying and translating them. The consumer society is viewed as a stage/form of global capitalism, the defining characteristic of which is militant individual and group egoism, destroying the social community of people, generating ethical dilemmas that reflect the basic conflicts of our time. The need to resolve these conflicts is determined by the implementation of an ethical turn in theory and moral practice, the essence of which is focusing on the emotional-volitional sphere of human life as the basis of moral action. The essential characteristic of the ethical turn is the formation of applied ethics, the penetration of ethical discourse into the methodology of sciences from economics to biology and medicine, into the practice of professional communities and organizations.

The study used a transdisciplinary methodology based on the principles of consistency, evolutionism, historicism, dialectics and general scientific methods. On the basis of the analysis, the directions of development of applied ethics, the possibility of using its tools in situations of moral choice are determined.

The article examines the perception of an office romance by students studying in the specialty “public administration”, based on a sociological survey 2018–2019. The data obtained are analyzed in Statistica and WIZWHY programs using nonparametric statistics and artificial intelligence methods. The study found statistically significant influences of gender, work experience, and possible power status of the respondent on the perception of an office romance. For female respondents, the perception of an office romance is dominated by cautiously conservative organizational-centrist feelings and assessments. The respondent’s affiliation with employees (not managers), as well as the presence of work experience, is accompanied by a tendency towards a liberal, “personcentered” perception of an office romance, its moral justification. A woman’s leadership role increases awareness of the importance of gender differences at work / service. Th ere is also a slight difference between the sexes in respondents’ perception of female discrimination at work.

The article is dedicated to the thirtieth anniversary of the establishment of the Russian President o ce to be celebrated in 2021. Besides, in 2020, his immediate predecessors, the office of the USSR President, on the one hand, and the office of the Chairman of the RSFSR Supreme Council, on the other hand, would celebrate the same anniversary. the latter office is in its turn relative to the office of the USSR Supreme Council Chairman, first elected in 1989. Thus, three decades ago, our country was in the middle of the chain of events and measures aimed at transferring the functions of the head of state back to a sole leader.

The initial concentration of powers in the office of the President had been followed by a long sequence of constitutional and statutory amendments that involved significant expansion of his powers. Numerous changes had been proceeding in parallel through the following three decades. The transformation of the original concept of presidency manifested primarily in the shift of the RF President’s position within the system of separation of powers, as well as in the set of legal liability measures applicable to the President. However, in the bulk of changes in the constitutional arrangements that took place in 2020 one can see both the continuing trend to enhance the President’s position within the federal government and a recurrence to the ideas that used to be part of the original design of the USSR and of the RSFSR presidencies, but were rejected later on in the RF Constitution of 1993.

The documents reproduced below cannot be regarded as little-known or inaccessible. However, due to their high relevance, it seemed proper to reproduce their content, at least in abridged form.

The article deals with the specifics of improving the mechanism of public administration aimed at ensuring economic security in the conditions of digitalization of the economy and society, global technological and social transformations. The article analyzes the concept of “economic security” based on the works of scientists and legal acts, defines the tasks of the mechanism for ensuring economic security. These tasks related to ensuring economic security are directly solved by the Security Council of the Russian Federation and the Interdepartmental security Commission under the Security Council of the Russian Federation. It is noted that the national program “Digital economy” as a tool of public administration is one of the ways to ensure economic security in the context of the development of digital technologies in all spheres of public life. The digital economy and digitalization of society impose new requirements on the competencies of specialists in the labor market, their knowledge and skills, which exacerbates competition and demonstrates the emergence of new threats and challenges to economic security. In this regard, the article considers both the dynamics of the number of employees by level of education, 2009–2019, as well as the level of education and professional training of the population of the Russian Federation. Transformation in digital technologies requires a significant increase in the use of results of intellectual activity in the Russian Federation and the development of regional innovative clusters around the country. Based on statistical data, the features of using the results of intellectual activity in the Russian Federation are revealed. The author analyzes modern institutions for supporting the mechanism of ensuring economic security in the Russian Federation and comes to the conclusion that it needs to be improved taking into account the new threats and challenges posed by digitalization.

The current study, based on a qualitative analysis of sociological and statistical data, tries to evaluate the scale of the crisis of institutional trust in modern American society, as well as scientific validity and heuristic value of applying the theoretical model of a “deeply divided society” to characterize the modern situation in the United States of America. The “deeply divided society” model, with rare exceptions, had been usually applied to countries and regions experiencing an early stage of nation-building and establishing of the democratic institutions after the end of the civil war, liberation from colonial dependence, political dictatorship or apartheid. The model is rarely applied to developed democracies, such as the United States, with the exception of specific regions or historical periods of their development (Southern states at the time of racial segregation), which testifies in favor of the scientific novelty of the presented study. It also highlights the key directions of academic discussion on the topic and indicates the problems embedded in a number of theoretical and empirical models, as well as clarifies the key terms. It also tries to put these and other related issues in perspective, both domestic and international.

Despite the substantial number of studies devoted to color revolutions, there is no common approach to understanding this geopolitical phenomenon in the modern scientific discourse. Interpretations of the essence of color revolutions can di er dramatically: from a spontaneous uprising of the masses to the use of special technology by the United States to overthrow political regimes. For the first time in Russian historiography this article presents a systematic analysis of various theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of color revolutions. The key issue is the ratio of endogenous and exogenous factors that led to the color revolutions. The scientific works of leading domestic and foreign experts on this problem are considered. The authors come to the conclusion that applied research of color revolutions in the works of both foreign and domestic scientists is carried out from different positions. Discourse about the endogenous origins of color revolutions prevails in the Western scientific world, while many Russian researchers consider external in uences to be their primary cause. According to the author’s concept, it was external factors that played a key role in the origin of the color revolutions, because it was the technologies of the so power of the United States and its allies that became the key reasons and, at the same time, tools for carrying out these operations to dismantle political regimes in the beginning of the XXI century.

The digital economy is a relatively new phenomenon. Scientists began discussing the concept of the digital economy at the end of the 20th century and are still discussing. But digital technologies are developing so rapidly and are so rapidly being introduced into all spheres of life of the world community that it can be argued that the digital economy, understood by specialists either in a broad or in a narrow sense, is an established fact. Russia cannot ignore global technological trends, since today it is already obvious that “digital” has begun to determine the international competitiveness of not only individual companies, but entire industries and even countries. The Russian tourism and hospitality industry is international in nature. It is prone to digitalization, because it wants to satisfy the needs of even the most discerning tourists from countries with a developed tourism industry. At the same time, forcing the digital economy is associated with serious socio-political risks. The article analyzes the views of representatives of science, business and society on the problem of the development of the digital economy in Russia, studies the level of trust of the Russian society in digital innovations and the level of preparedness for their use. Particular attention is paid to technological innovation in the tourism and hospitality industry.

The article is devoted to the problems of the development of higher education in the digital economy, in particular, to the possibilities of using blockchain technology in universities. The proliferation of modern information technologies has a serious impact on the essence of the processes in which they are being implemented, as a result of this, causing changes in the organizational structure, regulations and qualification requirements. In this regard, it seems relevant to analyze the blockchain — a technology that is new for the education sector and has, according to a number of experts, high potential. The article examines the mechanism of blockchain, the main components of the blockchain in the educational process of the university, and also provides a detailed analysis of the bene this and risks of these technologies. The main advantages of the blockchain are the decentralized storage of data and the impossibility of changing or deleting them, which is especially relevant due to the increase in the volume of data, accelerated by the massive transition to distance learning due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Limitations of the use of blockchain are: problems associated with ensuring the security of the use of the blockchain (from a technological point of view), insu cient public awareness of the essence of the blockchain, as well as its frequent negative perception (due to the erroneous equating of this technology exclusively to mining and operations with cryptocurrency). At the same time, the use of blockchain in universities seems promising, in view of the general trend of digitalization of education and the development of digital educational organizations (organizations in which intermediary structures are replaced by algorithms and information systems), but at this stage it will be limited to certain areas related to the organization of storage of large data array.

The article analyzes the reasons and results of the management reform of Soviet football in 1959. Attention is focused on specific organizational measures for reforming the national championship. The use of econometric models based on the experience of Soviet football in 1960–1990 showed that the innovations were mostly positive and became one of the reasons for the success of the USSR national team in the first half of the 1960s, as well as a rollback from the principles of reform — the failures of the Soviet team in the 1970s. The use of artificial intelligence methods confirmed the conclusions of econometric analysis, and made it possible to reliably assess the international results of Soviet football in the second half of the 1950s, leading to the need for reform.

The article is an overview of the speeches of the interregional scientificpractical conference “The Conflict Field of Public Policy: Experience and Prospects of Russian Society” held as part of the implementation of scientific activities for the development of the interdisciplinary scientific school of Moscow State University in the direction of “Conflictology”, as well as timed to the anniversary of two professors of the oldest national political science department — political analysis of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, head of the department A.I. Soloviev and Professor G.V. Pushkareva. The paper presents abstracts of reports by authoritative domestic political scientists, both employees of the Department of Political Analysis and invited researchers - representatives of leading Moscow and regional political and administrative schools and departments.

The publication provides an overview of the section “Theories and Practices of Public Administration” of the annual scientific conference “Lomonosov Readings” held at the Lomonosov Moscow State University School of Public Administration. There is a list of the main reports with short theses and the main results of the work of subsections organized by the departments of the School of Public Administration. The conference was cross-disciplinary, the questions touched upon many urgent problems in public and municipal administration. An important trend in the development of the economy and other spheres of life is a pandemic, an increase in the cost of resources, restrictions imposed by foreign partners, and acceleration in the pace of digitalization. Trends determine the search for alternative opportunities for the effective development of our country. Within the framework of the section “Theories and practice of public administration” of the conference “Lomonosov Readings”, various points of view on the prospects for the development of public administration in Russia and abroad were presented. In the context of modern internal and external challenges, specific proposals were formed to improve the economic, political and legal aspects of management based on the results of the discussions. Presented recommendations of new opportunities of management relations associated with the rapid development of science and technology.

The article is dedicated to the relations between the Holy See and the Italian government at the final stage of the process of Italian unification. The author considers the seizure of Rome on September 20, 1870, to be a significant milestone. After this event the sides faced a need to continue the dialogue in brand new circumstances. The article examines both steps taken by the Italian government in order to achieve a compromise with Pius IX and those aimed at the incorporation of Rome and provinces of the Papal States into the Italian Kingdom. Special attention is given to the reaction of the Holy See on the actions of the Italian side, as well as the Pontiff ’s efforts to maintain temporal power as a guarantee of respect for his rights of the Head of the Church.

The article is devoted to the Wales’s devolution process. The author comments well-known statement that devolution is a “process, not event”. He traces its main stages — administrative and two legislative. The author based mainly on official documents — laws and related “command” documents. Attention is drawn to British tradition of independent commissions. The work of the Richard, Holtham and Silk’s commissions analyzed. Indicated that the rights of Wales are less than those in Northern Ireland and Scotland. Wales is more integrated with England, in legal terms it was a single space “England and Wales”. Therefore, devolution’s support was here initially low. In the 1997 referendum, it was supported by only 50,3% of those who voted, with a turnout of 51%. Consequently, the idea’s support was by only a quarter of the inhabitants. However, the support is gradually expanding. This is the basis of the gradual expansion of the region’s rights. The devolution’s consequences are contradictory. Does it strengthen the kingdom, as its initiators believed, or lead to its collapse?

Public administration reform issues have always been topical in Russia. Therefore, public administration reforms are constantly being carried out in Russia. However, the quality of “administrative reforms” and their results are unsatisfactory. This undoubtedly became a prerequisite for all kinds of updates in 2020, including when developing amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The article briefly analyzes the preconditions for public administration reforms in Russia. Conclusions are made about the current state of the public administration system. The following directions of reforming public authorities, undertaken in 2020, are analyzed: the emergence of federal territories as a special kind of political-territorial units and the practice of their establishment on the example of the federal territory “Sirius; changes in the legal status of the highest authorities (primarily in terms of the redistribution of powers between the branches of government); anti-corruption novelties in the constitutional text. Special attention is paid to the digitalization of public administration: it’s current state and plans for digital transformation for the coming years.

The submitted article is focused on the potential use of history as an instrument of political governance. The author gives a review of the evolution of historical politics as a socio-political phenomenon and its theoretical understanding in modern political science. The key topic of the submitted paper is the ethnic aspects of historical politics. The author reveals the content of the main narratives of historical politics, which are often addressed by various ethnic groups in the process of nation-building. The speech is about the inquiry about the “golden age” of the history, the sacralization of the national suffering, the linking of the history with ancient civilizations, etc. Finally, it is put wise of the ways of raising the level of politicization of ethnicity caused by a variety of historical narratives.

The author presents the Kazakhstan’s experience in the development of agricultural insurance and suggests crucial ways to improve its effectiveness. Kazakhstan has made a transition from the mandatory form of agricultural insurance with state subsidization of insurance payments to the voluntary form based on the index method with state subsidization of insurance premiums. The author notes that in the conditions of digital transformation of economies, new directions are opening up for managing the development of insurance relations in agriculture. The possibilities of accumulating, storing, transmitting and processing statistical information arrays with low costs can be used to improve insurance products for agricultural producers and increase the efficiency of spending budget funds aimed at supporting the development of insurance in the industry. Due to the agriculture specifics insurance relations cannot develop effectively without state participation. Close cooperation between the state and business in the field of risk management in agriculture is necessary.

The subject of the research is the process of developing government decisions in Russia in the 1870s, based on the case of the development of the Charter on military service. The objectives of this article include identifying an algorithm for discussing a proposed government decision and indicating the characteristic features of the chosen method of solving issues of state importance. The basic method in solving these problems is the textual analysis of the document, conventionally designated by the publishers as “A.A. Shcherbatov on the issues of the terms of military service”. The result was the definition of four phases in the process of preparing and making government decisions. Each phase has a specific load. For the first phase — the formation of ideas of army professionals about the needs of the troops, in the transition to a new principle of their formation. For the second phase — the approbation of these ideas in society and the correction of the outlined plans. For the third phase — clarification of the developed provisions in polemics with representatives of “interest groups” that developed at that time in the management elite. For the fourth phase — the consolidation of the reform elements formed during the discussion process at the state level.

The article concerns the study of the process of reorganization of regional and local government in the Soviet Union on the basis of the principle of production branch. This problem is not only of scientific, but also practical interest, since it makes it possible to take into account the experience of failed reforms in improving the system of regional and municipal government. Based on the analysis of decisions made by the highest party bodies, regulatory documents, press, archival sources, the content of the reform, its implementation and results are considered. The reform of the CPSU committees, councils and their executive committees at the regional and local levels significantly destabilized the situation in many spheres of the country’s life: party and state administration in the center and localities, management of economic sectors and led to a reduction in the pace of development, a decrease in the standard of living of the population and contributed to a change of establishment of the USSR.

A series of incessant crises of the world and national economy testifies to the fact that the models of production relations and productive forces that have developed in the second half of the last century are losing their relevance due to the exhaustion of opportunities for increasing efficiency due to the evolutionary modernization of technologies and management methods. Currently, the world is at the initial stage of a new industrial revolution, in a stage of transformation when innovations from various fields of activity mutually penetrate and change each other. New, avalanche-like technologies are significantly changing the situation in the established markets. Radical reformatting of management methods, sales channels of finished products, rethinking of logistics approaches, robotization of production, all this leads to increased productivity, reduction of non-productive costs, and a change in the structure of the gross product. Commercial success comes to market participants who widely introduce and use new knowledge and technologies, to investors who are not afraid of the risks of fundamental research. The article deals with the transformation of economic entities in the form of a radical restructuring of economic ties and a change in approaches to managing the life cycle of production, operational and commercial activities of an enterprise based on digital technologies.

The article examines the issues in the areas of communications, education and healthcare which become urgent because of the crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. On the base of the reviewed content, it is concluded that the current crisis has caused the main damage to human capital and digitalization is not a panacea for the pressing problems. As a result, one of the necessary mechanisms for their solution is the organization of innovation clusters. 

The theoretical research methods used in the article are logical, statistical and deductive methods, analysis and synthesis, generalization and concretization. The empirical methods used in the article are deductive method, statistical analysis, comparison, interpretation. 

To support the thesis, the activity of innovation cluster in solving the problems is described on the basis of economic theory and real business practice during the crisis. So, self-organization and cooperation of participating enterprises, personal communication and synergy of education and work make innovation cluster the key element of innovation policy. Then, it is stated that the complexity of this mechanism is offset by the effect in the long term. 

The practical significance of the article is the application of the innovation cluster methodology in conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis for the development of the future of the innovative economy.

The presented article is devoted to the current problems of the development of metropolitan agglomerations on the example of the Moscow agglomeration using the resources of interregional and inter-municipal cooperation. The Moscow metropolitan agglomeration is the largest in Europe both in terms of territory and in terms of the population living in it. Its modern structure differs from other world metropolitan agglomerations (Paris, London, Tokyo, Mexico City, etc.) in that Moscow, as the center of the agglomeration, takes the initiative of the development center of the entire Moscow megaregion. Its role is that it becomes a driver of economic growth not only for the economies of neighboring regions and municipalities of the Moscow Region, but also for municipalities of neighboring regions bordering the Moscow Region. A new model of interregional and inter-municipal interaction is being formed, significant for the state as a whole: after all, industry, business and labor resources are concentrated here, innovative high-tech products are produced. The article presents a reproductive approach to the development of agglomeration as a form of internal and external interaction of territories. The effects of this form of interaction, which are expressed in the general improvement of the quality of development of all socio-economic processes both in individual territories and in agglomeration as a whole, have been identified: intensification of migration flows both at the level of external migration and at the level of internal migration in administrative-territorial entities, increasing the degree of accessibility of public transport and social services, etc. Together, the identified private effects form a synergistic result of the transformation of a simple set of territories into a complex, interconnected, effectively functioning mechanism. The following methods were used to conduct research: comparative analysis, content analysis, graphic, system approach.

Recently, 2018 marked the centenary of such dates as the signing of the Brest peace, the establishment of diplomatic relations between Soviet Russia and Germany, and the November revolution in Germany. However, the details of the activities of the Soviet diplomatic mission in Berlin and especially in Hamburg, where the Consulate was opened, are still not fully disclosed. Discovered in the Russian state archive of socio-political history (RGASPI), the memo of Consul George Solomon touches on various aspects and aspects, including behindthe-scenes communications and negotiations, of the activities of the first soviet diplomats. The conclusion of a contract with a coal syndicate for the supply of fuel to Petrograd, assistance to fellow prisoners of war, pictures of the November revolution and the January events of 1919, the arrests of employees of the Soviet mission — all this the reader will find in the memo of Solomon, who later became a non-returning emigrant and made his name.

Relevance of the topic. The development of tourist and recreational specialization contributes to the sustainable growth of socio-economic indicators of small towns and territories, has a positive impact on employment and rejuvenation of the workforce. Attraction of tourist flows is possible by optimizing the use of resource potential and involvement in popular routes, the formation of infrastructure of new types of tourism: environmental, agricultural. Problem. Tourist and recreational resources of small towns are not used effectively, due to the remoteness of the territories from the main tourist routes and transport and logistics corridors. The purpose of the article: substantiation of the directions of increasing the efficiency of the use of tourist and recreational resources of small towns of Tula and Vladimir regions, Perm region. Methods: system approach, situational analysis, formal logical method, dialectical method of socioeconomic processes research. Results. The importance of the resource base for the development of tourism and recreation is characterized, the positive effect for the development of territories and municipalities is revealed. An important role at the present stage of formation of the prerequisites for sustainable growth of regions acquire applied research areas of natural resource, cultural, historical and infrastructure potential. The analysis of tourist and recreational resources of small towns of Tula and Vladimir regions, Perm region is presented. Economic indicators of development of the sphere of tourism of the chosen subjects of the Russian Federation are analyzed. The main problems of the use of tourist and recreational resources of small towns are identified and a set of measures to solve them is proposed. Main conclusions. The main problems of the use of tourist and recreational resources of small towns are identified and a set of measures to solve them is proposed.

The article analyzes the case of building and development of the Chinese business group in steel industry. The author reviews the concept of business groups, the purpose of their building, as well as government initiatives aimed at supporting their development in the context of the reform of state enterprises. Further, the analysis of the structure of the China Baowu Steel Group, as well as the classification of member enterprises according to the four-level management system of business groups adopted by the state bodies of China, is provided. The third part is devoted to the development of the China Baowu Steel Group in accordance with the priorities of the state industrial policy.

The article attempts to systematize the basic characteristics, goals, objectives, principles and effectiveness of the existing system of international cooperation in the field of combating corruption. In his scientific analysis, the author proceeds from the fact that the international anti-corruption cooperation is diverse and multi-level, is a set of universal relations of global, regional and cross-country level, is implemented in the mode of close international cooperation between the subjects of global governance, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, transnational corporations, other structures and institutions. It is shown that corruption deviations have now come to the fore in the list of priority areas in the fight not only against national but also transnational crime. Such cooperation includes a coordinated anti-corruption policy, strategy and tactics, the elaboration and ratification of relevant international agreements and treaties, their incorporation into the legislation of individual States and their subsequent implementation, taking into account national conditions, opportunities and traditions. It also takes into account the objective reality that corruption in the modern world has become a crossborder, well-organized illegal activity, steadily expanding the scope of its negative impact. It therefore requires the utmost attention from the highest levels of government, law enforcement agencies and relevant international institutions. The final part of the article assesses the role and analyzes the features of the strategic course of the Russian Federation and its law enforcement agencies in the system of international anti-corruption cooperation, presents the political and legal mechanism and management tools for the implementation of relevant international conventions, treaties and agreements. Attention is also drawn to the problem of corruption export.

The main conclusion is that anti-corruption measures, if they are to be effective, must be politically, legally and economically well-grounded, must be implemented systematically and continuously, organically combined with consolidated actions on a global scale.

The article raises the question of improving the mechanisms of interaction between state institutions and civil structures in the context of digitalization. The author explores two main challenges for modern public administration — virtualization of communication and the expansion of the network landscape of public policy, an adequate response to which allows to increase the adaptability of the political system. The author fixes the problem of the inconsistency of communication strategies used by the state in establishing a dialogue with society. At the same time, the author draws attention to a number of limitations and risks that do not allow state institutions freely use virtual communication channels. The importance of professionalizing online communication and the competent incorporation of social media into the media design of modern public administration is emphasized. Crowdsourcing practices and deliberative online forums are considered promising forms of interaction with the society through the use of Internet technologies for public administration; the conditions for their successful use are disclosed.

The subject of the study in this article is education as a dynamic system, an institution for promoting socialization, functioning in a specific sociocultural context. The purpose of the study is to determine the key elements of an educational system adequate to the needs of the contemporary society. The authors employ a trans-disciplinary methodology based on the principles of consistency, evolutionism, historicism, dialectics and general scientific methodology. The study is based on the idea of education as a technology of public consciousness programming, a process of cultural production according to the demands of a specific society.

The educational system creates and appraises various techniques for shaping a certain image of the world and a person within it, a person within society, elaborates the principles of individual identity. Educational reforms are driven by historic challenges, political and economic transformations impossible without a shift in public consciousness. School becomes a sort of laboratory for social experimentation, testing the importance of innovations for society, the possibility of answering the new challenges and the potential risks. Based on the analysis of education in the Enlightenment project of industrial society the authors identify the foundations for a modern education model and the factors that determine the necessity of a transformation in higher and secondary school systems and in pedagogical practices.

The anarchist movement played an important role in the events of the great Russian revolution of 1917–1922, both as an ally and as an opponent of the Bolshevik dictatorship. The interaction of anarchist organizations of this period with the governing structures of the RCP(b) is still a topic that has not been fully disclosed. Documents found in the Russian state archive of socio-political history and the State archive of the Russian Federation are dedicated to the events of December 1919 — April 1920, related to the attempt to form the all-Russian Union of anarchists. This project brought together representatives of the most influential anarchist organizations operating on the territory of the RSFSR. The published documents allow the reader to learn about the negotiations of anarchists with the leadership of the RCP (b) on the legalization of their activities, Amnesty and cessation of repression, as well as about the attempt to create an organization in Moscow to protect American political prisoners. 

The article defines the role of the management structure of Soviet football in the 1950s. The chronological frameworks are two Olympic tournaments in 1952 and 1956, in which the Soviet football team took part. In four years, the team has gone from the team lost already at the second stage of the tournament, which is certainly regarded as a failure, to the Olympic triumph of Soviet football in Melbourne. 

The 1952 Olympics were the first serious test of strength for Soviet sport in general and football in particular. Soviet athletes had the opportunity to demonstrate their results side by side with competitors, many of whom were representatives of capitalist countries. This was a great opportunity to show the advantages of the Soviet way of life and the level of training for the whole world. But the idea of the level of the football team of the USSR, concerning other countries, the coaches and in management circles, was quite weak. Therefore, the Soviet team failed to prepare properly.

This paper highlights the reasons that prevented the Soviet football team to successfully perform at their first Olympics, as well as how effective was the management system of Soviet football, at a time when it should draw conclusions and analyze the mistakes in preparation for the next major tournament. Despite the fact that many researchers of this topic are inclined to a critical assessment of the management system of Soviet football, the author notes its flexibility and the possibility for further progress, which is directly marked by the results in the international arena.

First of all, the increase of the services sector share in GDP and employed share in this sector force to determinate the concept of service and to identify its essential characteristics. In addition, there is a period of accumulation of human capital in the modern economy now. As a result, the concept of service should be completed by educational component. 

The purpose of the article is to determine the place and the essence of lifelong education in the service system. As a result of this research, educational services are the actions to provide an education to individuals, enterprises and organizations by transferring knowledge, skills and by educating individuals and population. 

The article examines the ideological origins and causes of the Ural Republic creation movement at the turn of 1980–1990. Debates unfolded in this period were stimulated the search of ways overcoming the crisis phenomena in the political system of the USSR and after its collapse — for Russia. One of the result of the discussions was the idea of dividing Russia into several parts, supported by the leaders of various social movements. Ural activists, referring to the pre-Soviet past, borrowed the symbols and rhetoric of the Ural and Siberian oblasts, which were supporting the broad regional autonomy. A key element of the ideology underlying of the Ural Republic creation movement was the idea of the need to overcome the national-territorial nature of the state structure, to proclaim the equality of the Russian Federation subjects and to move to the «territorial basis of state structure and administration».

In November and December of 1941 the German army was able to capture Caucasus oil fields and objects of the Soviet petroleum industry. To prevent the capture, People’s Commissariat of Petroleum Industry developed methods and instructions of the liquidation. Successful counter-offensive of the Red Army postponed plans of the liquidation. In 1942 the oilfields of Caucasus were in danger again. The Government of USSR had to destroy them to prevent the capture by German army. It was necessary to find effective methods of destruction so that the enemy could not restore the oil production. The article is dedicated to interaction between People’s Commissariat of Petroleum Industry, army and NKVD on the elimination of Caucasus petroleum objects.

The article discusses the process of adoption by the Federal Assembly of a law on the election of deputies of the Second State Duma. This law, which became an integral part of the Russian electoral legislation of the 1990s, suddenly became the subject of political disagreement. The conflict was initiated by Duma deputies elected from political associations who wanted to reserve all the electoral opportunities that had been granted by the President in 1993. Defending electoral legislation in its original form, party leaders used various procedural tricks to pass the law they needed. However, such tactics, as well as fundamental differences between the State Duma and the Federation Council, whose deputies saw the electoral legislation differently, only aggravated the conflict. However, such tactics, as well as fundamental differences between deputies of the State Duma and the Council of the Federation, who had different ideas about electoral legislation, only aggravated the conflict. The president, who initially initiated the adjustment of electoral legislation, although he did not agree with the deputies of the Duma, was an arbitrator in this conflict, but was not an active participant. As a result, the conflicting parties managed to reach a compromise and coordinate their interests. The author positively assesses the consensus reached with the help of parliamentary mechanisms, but he believes that the results of this political deal have been devalued in the context of the general crisis in the country.

Due to the pace of modern life, rapid development of information technologies, constant changes of internal and external environments, and other factors it is necessary for the majority of Russian cities and regions to find their own unique cultural and economic niche, as well as to use geobranding methodology. The article is dedicated to the nature, genesis and the best practices of this marketing instrument, which is essential for Russian realities. The city of Murmansk, which represents the Arctic zone of Russia, provides a detailed and illustrative example of the potential of the specific geobrand. The main focus of the given recommendations of the development of Murmansk geobrand is directed into the spheres of the state economic policies in our country today.

Development of the Russian film industry is capable to have a considerable impact on increase in appeal of regions of the country. However, this cultural resource is mastered at the regional level insufficiently in comparison with the existing world practices. It does the presented material relevant. The purpose of article is consideration of the possible directions of interaction of the organizations of film production, film advance, a film screening and regions of Russia on formation, development and use of partner resources. Use of resources of cinema both on level of production, and at the level of a hire, is capable to increase the appeal of the environment of the region in various directions. Participation of regional budgets, local business at all stages of film process create additional conditions both for production and a hire of cinema, and for social and economic development of the region. The possible effect of these processes is still underestimated by opportunities of increase in investment attractiveness, regional competitiveness due to increase in level of recognition and formation of identity of the cities. Creation of more comfortable cultural and service environment thanks to a factor of involvement of economic entities of the film industry demands development of special approaches. The specifics of use of resources of the regional film commissions and regional service companies as economic and institutional agents of the film industry are considered by production of film products. Use of regional Film Festivals as potential and real events on advance of an image of regions, promotes increase in appeal of image of the territory and their locations. The concept on influence of the film industry on formation of positive recognizable image of regions is developed. The offered universal algorithm can be used when developing a strategy for development, advancement and implementation of regional programs in the sphere of culture, tourism and education based on the principles of national and regional identity.

The article considers the evolution of internal control and audit in public governance sector of developed countries, based on the INTOSAI standards and the publications of IMF, OECD and European Union, and on the documents regulating the internal audit in British ministries and agencies including their complicated network of subordinate organizations. This topic is very relevant, because in recent years, significant changes have occurred in this area. The author defines the substance of the concept of internal control and audit in the ministry or agency (including the central office and the subordinate network) according to the INTOSAI standards, analyses two main models of internal control’s institutional structure (i.e. the decentralized system basing on the internal audit services and the centralized system basing on the financial inspections) and the main direction of these models’ evolution. Then, EU countries with single and dual systems are identified and principles for interaction of internal audit services and financial inspections in countries with dual systems are specified. In addition, it is stated that it is necessary to establish the central harmonization unit which develops the uniform standards, methodology, model documents for internal control and audit, qualification criteria and training programs for internal auditors. The article describes in detail the system currently operating in the UK, which includes several intra-/interministerial or intra-/interagency internal audit services for one group of ministries and agencies and a central government internal audit service for another group of ministries and agencies. Based on a study of the experience of developed countries, conclusions are drawn on possible ways to increase the efficiency of internal control and audit in Russia’s public governance.

This article attempts to analyze the process of institutionalization of entrepreneurship in conjunction with the formation of a new economic culture during the transition from the command-administrative system to the market one. Such an approach makes it possible to take a fresh look at the problem of the formation of human capital in one of the main subjects of economic relations — the entrepreneur. The article describes the main types of entrepreneurs, discusses the conditions in which the successive formation of three waves took place, and determined the deterrent factors for the development of an economic culture among entrepreneurs. The thesis confirms the signif icant role of cultural factors in economic development. The article concludes that there is no necessary interconnection between these processes in the late 1980s and early 1990s.

The relevance of this study is confirmed by the experience of advanced economies, which have moved from the traditional state industrial policy to the application of the cluster approach to the management of spatial development in order to overcome modern economic challenges and constraints. The aim of the study is to analyze theoretical content and implementation experience of the cluster approach. For this purpose, the authors consider various approaches to the concepts of cluster and cluster policy used in modern Russian economic science; the world and domestic experience of the cluster approach application in the practice of spatial development management is analyzed. The authors propose their approach to the concepts of a cluster of «nuclear» type, a specialized distributed cluster and a «neighbor» cluster, including a description of their role in the spatial development of territories.

It is a first publication of an unknown diplomatic document. It describes the consular services of European countries in the Ottoman Empire, their organization, field of activity, income and expenses. The publication is preceded by an introductory article, which analyzes the historical conditions of the formation of European consular offices and the beginning of the creation of a network of Russian ones, as well as the activities of one of the first Russian consuls in the Middle East, Ivan Voinovich.

Report of the curator of Moscow University I.I. Melissino is a prime example of management communication in the second half of the 18th century. An analysis of this text revealed structural elements common to the documents of that era. These include: an introductory part, containing a theoretical justification for the one to which the note is devoted; highlighting key issues (point by point); a set of proposed solutions and a motive-praising conclusion. An individual feature of Melissino is to consider distinguishing two different types of problem solving. The first type is the general direction of work. The second type is a set of management actions. Melissino offered options for action, based on the possibility of obtaining funds. This is not the case for other authors whose memoranda were used for comparison.

The article examines the evolution of the domestic system of soft power and public diplomacy. The activity of the institutions created in the years of existence of the USSR and the structures that appeared in the new Russia is considered. It is argued that the Soviet Union had a developed system of external cultural relations. After the actual inaction associated with the collapse of the country and the difficult socio-economic situation, the issue of soft power came to the attention of the authorities only in the second half of the 2000s. The institutional structure of the soft power of the Russian Federation of the Russian Federation and its development prospects are analyzed.

The article analyzes the policy of the extraordinary central government body, the Committee for the operational management of the national economy of the USSR, aimed at containing the crisis of the Soviet Union’s economy. In the course of his work, contradictions emerged in the positions of sovereign and then independent republics, which have a significant impact on the mutual relations of countries in the post-soviet space to this day. The main tasks of the Committee was the adjustment of the fuel and energy complex and the overcoming of food shortages. To solve them, both command-administrative and market methods were used, but in order to achieve the desired result, it was necessary to bridge the gap in economic ties between the republics. The results of the study showed that, despite some successes in this direction, it was not possible to achieve the restoration of the unity of the national economic complex, primarily because of the position of the political leadership of Ukraine and the RSFSR.

The article discusses the functions of the RSFSR Gosplan, its relations with the USSR Gosplan, the RSFSR Government, ministries and departments of the RSFSR. On the basis of archival materials, a conclusion is made about the objective nature of the interdepartmental disagreements of the national economic bodies of the RSFSR. Attempts to resolve conflicts between the RSFSR Gosplan and republican sectoral departments are shown on a number of concrete examples, and the high authority of the State Planning Committee in resolving economic issues is demonstrated.

The article deals with the cooperation between the Moscow Administration and City Council during the December armed uprising. This subject is of great importance in context of the relations of power and public of the Russian Empire in the crisis situations. The author examines the activities of the members of the Council, retaliatory measures of the Administration and the results of this partnership. The author draws to the conclusion that as a result of the struggle between radical groups at the sessions of the Council, busyness of the Administration with suppression of the uprising and its reluctance to mitigate the repressive sanctions the role of the state body wasn’t meaningful in December of 1905.

Digital transformations in the field of entrepreneurship are gaining momentum. The philosophy of entrepreneurship, and business development depends on the way we perceive digitalization (as technology or as a new business model).

This article presents the results of research on the business digitalization perspectives and problems caused by it. On the one hand, digital technologies are a basis for innovation and entrepreneurship development; on the other hand, they lead to market monopolization. The article deals with the problems of the digital economy as a new formation looking at it through the prism of doing business. The objective of this research is to identify possible business growth areas by using digital technologies.

The general scientific and special methods, such as semantic analysis techniques, retrospective analysis, and statistical survey methods, were chosen as the scientific tools for this study. The information basis of the study is the statistics and analytical developments of the World Economic Forum, Higher School of Economics and of the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation. The theoretical and methodological ground of this research is the works by both classics and contemporary representatives of scientific thought. J. Stiglitz, C. Pissarides, K. Albrecht, Wennekers and Thurik and others, as well as methods of assessing information and digital technologies implementation in the economy.

As an issue to be debated, this study proposes a discussion of the digitalization opportunities and threats, with a view to neutralize the latter.

The term “continuing education” does not have a universal definition: there are several dozen of its definitions in Russian and foreign literature in which the nature of continuing education comes down to its determination either as an educational system or as a process. In addition, several approaches can be given to the definition of the continuous education essence; each approach takes one or another facet of the essence of continuing education, around which the corresponding theories are built, into the center of analysis. The author also correlated with the term “continuous education” such concepts as “continuous education”, “lifelong learning”, “adult education”, “continuing professional education”, and “additional education”.

The article is devoted to the development of deliberative democracy model. The author explores classic and modern theoretical approaches to the origins of deliberative process, highlights its substantive characteristics, and describes conditions under which it could be possible to implement this model in dayto-day political practice.

The article considers the historical background and modern features of the Orthodox youth movement in Russia. It is noted that prototype of the modern Orthodox youth movement were associations, aroused in Russia on the eve of the Revolution and first post-Revolution years and continued their activities in emigration (particularly, the Brotherhood of St. Sophia). Features, typical for the Orthodox youth movement: combination of active social work, reliance on detached initiative of members with canonic principle of subordination to the hierarchy.

The article considers the last congress of the CPSU as an important event in the history of this organization. This congress was held in the context of the intensification of the crisis of the USSR. Under these circumstances, the CPSU’s refusal from the constitutional status of the ruling party was due not so much to the opposition’s pressure, but to the rational aspiration of the party elite to absolve itself of responsibility for the crisis. This congress, despite its «democratic» entourage (the presence of representatives of various party factions, radical changes in the highest party bodies, the adoption of a «social-democratic» program, etc.), is assessed as a meeting of the communist elite concerned for its political future. Despite the harsh criticism of Gorbachev leaders, the XXVIII Congress was marked by a compromise of the elite of the CPSU. But if in a tactical way this congress ended successfully for the party elite, then in the strategic perspective this forum predetermined the rapid historical defeat of the CPSU.

This article studies the factors that can limit sovereignty (other sovereignties, international law and international organizations, transnational companies, etc.) and discussion in the scientific community on this issue. The impact of the process of globalization on sovereignty is also investigated in this paper. The process of globalization, although it is limiting sovereignty of state (especially in the economic sphere) does not lead to the loss of sovereignty, since it is the states that prove to be the most effective instruments to overcome various crises (for example, financial and economic ones) and the creation of a system of universal governance is impossible without existence of effective states. Thus, sovereignty continues to be an important part of the system of international relations, remaining at the forefront of political and scientific discourse.

The article discusses the history of establishment of the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Committee (SASAC), as well as its structure and its formal and real competences. Despite the extent of the powers this authority was granted when established, its actions are restricted through the interests of other actors in the institutional structure. The author studies in detail competences of SASAC regarding the practices of appointment of topmanagers of SOEs, control rights in state enterprise assets and control rights in management of SOEs.

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of formation of investment strategies of regional industrial complexes taking into account the impact on production processes. The analysis of the factors influencing the dynamics of investment activity in the Federal districts of the country and regions is carried out. Special attention is paid to the measures of state support reflected in the policy documents aimed at the development of territories, increasing their socio-economic attractiveness, competitiveness and economic independence. The purpose of the article is to identify the main conditions and factors of formation of investment strategies of regional production complexes, to study the potential and prospects for the development of industry under the condition of active regional and Federal support. To achieve these objectives, we studied the growth rates of investment in fixed capital of industrial enterprises, the goals of industrial and investment development in the framework of the target program indicators, presented the distribution of investment per capita by region, as well as a comparative analysis of the actual and planned indicators of investment activity on the example of the far Eastern, southern and Volga Federal districts.

Main methods: dialectical method of cognition of processes in the sphere of economy and social development, method of system analysis, formal logical method. As a result of the study, proposals for improving the state and regional investment policy in the process of formation of investment strategies of regional production complexes are formulated. Conclusions are made about the validity of the measures taken and the preferred tools of support in the process of economic growth of the country.

This article presents the study results of the energy service market in the Republic of Tatarstan, generalized the business model for improving this market. The model revealed the scheme of regulation and management of the market, revealed the interest of business and the benefits of this activity, both for the customer and energy service companies, as well as third parties and the rapid growth of researches in this area. This model performs a number of functions, a management structure that enhances market regulation was developed, as well as its impact; the result of implementation was calculated; internal and external factors that affect the energy service market were highlited. The volume of the energy service market was calculated; the effect of the implementation of our recommendations was calculated.

The article presents a comparative analysis of the development of the executive power systems of the DPR and the LPR at the fi rst (from 2014 to 2018-19) and second (from 2018-19 to 2022) stages of statehood formation in the self-proclaimed republics. Th e legal status of the Heads of the Republics of the DPR and LPR, the legal status of the highest executive authorities in the DPR and LPR, their evolution in the process of development of the self-proclaimed republics from 2014 to 2022 is studied in detail. Th e functions of the executive authorities, which formed the basis for the formation of the corresponding systems of the executive authorities of the DPR and LPR, are investigated. The systems included ministries, state committees, which are the leading executive authorities in the self-proclaimed republics. Services, agencies and inspections in the DPR performed a less prominent role and were subordinate to ministries and state committees. In the LPR, services, agencies and inspections performed managerial functions as independent executive authorities. A comparison of the systems of executive authorities and their inherent functions in the DPR and LPR with the Russian model of building executive power allows us to conclude that they are converging at the second stage of the development of the selfproclaimed republics.

The article presents the genesis of the concept of sustainable development, discusses its structure, diff erences and similarities between diff erent approaches to its creation, issues of responsible investment, analysis of reporting and accounting for ESG risks. Th e authors examine the global shift in the ESG agenda from the standpoint of the specifi cs of public administration and the global turn towards the integration of biological, cyclical and green principles into the economy in diff erent countries (BCG). The results of a comparative analysis of the basic principles of various approaches in creating the concept of sustainable development are proposed to be used to develop strategies for sustainable development
in various sectors of the economy, which is an important step towards a more responsible and sustainable development of society.

The article discusses a new form of economic activity, which is defi ned as the gig economy, resulting from the transformation of the employment sector under the infl uence of digital technologies, determines its place and role in stimulating economic growth, shows its opportunities and problems, and identifies ways to overcome them. Th e authors explore the socio-economic paradoxes and problems of the modern period of the gig economy and suggest ways to promote high-quality and sustainable development of the gig economy.

It is known that the healthcare system is currently under serious strain in all countries of the world. Despite the expansion of the number of services and the improvement of the quality of medical care, the industry cannot cope with the existing burden: due to the increase in the number and life expectancy of the population, the spread of epidemiological morbidity and the growth of public expectations for more personalized and comfortable services the population. A significant number of current problems of the healthcare system can be solved with the help of widespread introduction of digital technologies. The global COVID-19 pandemic has led to accelerated innovation and the transition of processes from informatization to digital transformation. Digital transformation of healthcare is an absolute global trend. The development of digital technologies is aimed both at solving national problems and at implementing the national strategy of the healthcare system. The digital healthcare market is growing due to the development of electronic medical records (EHR), mobile healthcare (mhealth) capabilities, telemedicine and medical analytics. According to the Statista agency, the volume of the global digital medicine market in 2019 amounted to $ 106 billion, analysts predict its growth to $639 billion, that is, more than 6 times. Th e introduction of digital technologies into the healthcare system is a process that concerns all participants: the state, medical professionals, developers of IT solutions and new medical technologies, citizens. The article presents an analysis of foreign and domestic experience of technological transformation of healthcare, depending on the level of development of telemedicine.

The article analyzes the role of historical memory in the formation of civic identity among the population of the Russian Federation. The relevance of the research is due to the need to consolidate the Russian civil nation by using the historical memory resource for this purpose. Historical-genetic, interdisciplinary and problem-specific methods are used to implement the research tasks. The article analyzes the development of scientists’ ideas about historical memory, its origin, functions and its collective character. The cumulative, axiological, epistemological and ethical functions of historical memory are revealed. Civic identity is formed on the basis of relevant historical memory. The phenomenon of memory wars is considered on the example of the ethnopolitical conflict in Ukraine. The implementation of the policy of historical memory in modern Russia is analyzed. According to the author, historical memory is the driving force behind the formation of a nation and a national state at all stages of nation-building, since civil identity is formed on the basis of historical memory. Historical memory can be both a source of consolidation and conflicts in society. In Russia, historical memory is used to unite society into a single civil nation, but the policy of popularizing historical memory is not systematic enough today, it requires more careful study to increase efficiency.

Carbon neutrality is one of the key messages of the concept of sustainable development and the ESG agenda, which form the basis of a new institutional economic environment. Countries’ rethinking of decarbonisation and carbon neutrality at the global level af ects international climate and green standards/ legislation, international trade, and international institutions. However, the question remains how the carbon-neutral agenda will evolve during economic crises. T e paper therefore aims to assess the positive and negative ef ects of the carbon-neutral agenda in the global economy and in individual countries, as well as its prospects for further development. In order to realise the objective of this article, the positive and negative aspects of the transition to carbon neutrality, the actions of states to implement environmental strategies until 2022 were analysed, and an attempt was made to forecast the further development of ESG strategies in the f eld of decarbonisation and carbon neutrality. It was found that the positive side of carbon neutrality reduces to investment attractiveness of the company and its products, addressing environmental concerns, technological development and the emergence of new markets. T e downside is that the transition to carbon neutrality is more political than environmental. T e ESG agenda will also increase transaction and administrative costs for all market participants. As for the prospects for the implementation of the ESG agenda in 2022, f rstly, it can be assumed that the process will slow down. Due to sanctions, national security, including in the energy sector, comes f rst. At the same time, at the same time as the ESG agenda slows down, it becomes more relevant as alternative energy sources will help countries achieve energy security, while addressing environmental issues will only help intensify investments in this area. Moreover, the relevance of the ESG agenda has not changed: there remains a demand for it from people in developed countries.

Trade in timber and timber products is a strategic part of Russian-Chinese trade. Russia has rich forest resources, China has a significant market for wood consumption, and trade in timber and wood products between the two countries contributes to the economic development of the states. The history and current state of trade in timber and wood products between Russia and China are analyzed, factors affecting the volume of trade are shown and a forecast is proposed regarding the future of trade in forest resources between the two countries. The stages of development of mutual trade in timber and wood products between the countries are shown. The structure of the Sino-Russian timber trade has changed from roundwood trade to low-value-added timber trade. It is assumed that in the short term it is possible to increase the volume of timber trade, but in the long-term forecast it is likely to decrease trade between the two countries

The current situation of Russia, expressed in the need to overcome the backlog from the world's leading countries in terms of the volume of high technology, to build up regional innovation potential, requires the formation of a new import substitution agenda. In this study, the author analyzes the problems of foreign scientometric databases access; lack of regional development balance in the field of science, education and technology production due to the insufficient number of relevant institutions; the availability of competitive domestic IT tools of world analogues and the IT companies’ capabilities for digital transformation and increasing subjects’ economic efficiency. Based on the triad of identified problems, the author formulated approaches to the formation of a methodology for assessing the effectiveness of scientific research and development – the use of domestic scientometric databases, the introduction of a regional index of scientific and educational increment to monitor regional opportunities, popularization of government measures to support high-tech IT companies, namely, obtaining accreditation in order to optimize and measure scientific and technological results. The main conclusions and prospects of the study are to use practical recommendations, monitor the main challenges of the modern economy to form a flexible system for evaluating the effectiveness of scientific research and development based on existing organizational mechanisms and analytical registries. The methodological basis of the study is content analysis, the theoretical and empirical method, the formalization method, the method of a systematic approach to the study of economic processes, the statistical method, sociological observation, and graphical methods of data visualization.

The challenges posed to Russian healthcare in early 2020, related to the development of a difficult epidemiological situation, were complicated by a series of sanctions. This has created an objective need to support our own development and production of medicines, medical devices and innovative developments. The development and implementation of innovative technologies in healthcare is an ambiguous, complex task, for the implementation of which all the necessary elements must be present in the industry. In this regard, it is useful to analyze the existing barriers, emergency measures of state support for SMEs, as the main link through which the scaling and implementation of innovative technologies into practice is carried out. An important factor is the availability of the possibility of obtaining project financing, information about the sources of financing for already completed projects and understanding the role of technology transfer centers in promoting innovations in health care into practice. The paper uses foreign sources to describe barriers, searches for and systematizes emergency measures of state support for SMEs, lists current grants and competitions from funds that support projects to develop innovations in medicine, and discusses the role of technology transfer centers.

The article is devoted to franchising, which is a type of market network structures, generally, an effective way of cooperation of large and small businesses. The franchising business model, widely used in the world practice, has also been developed in the Russian economy due to its market transformation. The author reveals the theoretical foundations of franchising, defines the essence and types of franchising agreements, the reasons for the growth of their importance, characterizes the current state and features of franchising in Russia, its institutional conditions, obstacles and potential, contribution to solving the problems of the domestic economy. Special attention is paid in the article to the impact of the coronavirus pandemic and the political events of recent months on the development of the franchising market in the Russian Federation, in conclusion, the factors that should contribute to its positive dynamics are highlighted.

In crisis and increasing resource competition conditions, factors that increase the competitiveness of regions come to the fore. Since the end of 2021, the Russian Federation has been started implementing the principles of citizen-centricity in public administration. The citizen-centricity approach borrowed from the business environment (as a client-centricity). This approach can be used as a method to multiply the reputation. The theoretical and methodological basis of the work was the scientific research of russian and foreign authors as well as the authors' own research and methodological developments, including the study of foreign experience in implementing a citizen-centricity approach in public administration. Citizen-centricity, public positioning and socio-economic conditions are named as the main factors shaping the reputation by authors. Taking into account the studied foreign experience and the best practices of its application, authors have define the main directions of implementing the approach in public administration: client profiling, maintaining a register of life situations, designing and reengineering services; motivation of civil servants and their key performance indicators; service quality requirements. The implementation of the approach in public administration in the Russian Federation is analyzed in the selected directions. The key problems related to the process of providing public services and the presence of obstacles to effective interaction between the state, citizens and business are identified.

The article is devoted to the activities of Soviet Trade Representation in India in 1953-1964. A trade representation is one of the integral elements of bilateral economic cooperation. The purpose of the article is to identify key areas and priorities of Soviet trade mission in India. The intensive development of relations between Russia and India particularly in the field of economy highlights the relevance of the research. The basis for Indo-Russian relations was established during the analysed period. The trade representation of the USSR in India opened in 1953 became an essential tool in forging the ties between two stated. The research is based on documentary and historical analysis. A number of archival documents used in the article has not been studied before. The result was the definition of the main activities of the Soviet Trade Representation in India. The result of the study is definition of the main spheres of Soviet trade representation in India.

The subject of this research is a set of ideas on improving public administration in the Russian Empire, put forward by one of the most significant statesmen of the second half of the 19th century, Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich. The objectives of this article are to identify and systematize the views of Konstantin Nikolaevich on management. The basic method in solving these problems is a textual analysis of the document, conventionally designated by the publishers as a note "On the project of public administration reforms." The result was the selection of a set of management principles on which the Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich relied when preparing proposals for improving public administration in Russia; characteristics of the goals and directions of the transformation in the system of public administration, which he proposed in the mid-1860s and late 1870s.

With the COVID-19 pandemic beginning in 2020, the digital economy, based on the Internet of Things, big data, artificial intelligence and other next-generation information technologies, plays an indispensable role in stabilizing economic growth, boosting consumption, preserving living standards and enhancing government capacity. China has now made remarkable progress in combating the socio-economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and is gradually entering a "post-pandemic period". This paper focuses on the post-pandemic period, analyzing the future trend of China's digital economy with the implementation of the "Outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) for National Economic and Social Development and Vision 2035 of the People's Republic of China". In addition, this paper also provides recommendations for optimizing the national economy using the tools of economic cybernetics. The study presents the author's position determining the direction of China's national digital economy as well as a new theoretical perspective on the development of the national digital economy in the post-pandemic period.

The article discusses the current state of the public administration system in the Russian Federation, which began to take shape in the early 90s of the last century. The evolution of domestic public authorities is analyzed, the stages of formation of its system are singled out, the constitutional and legal assessment of the organizational features of the activities of the highest bodies of state power is given. The conclusion about the specifics of the constitutional and legal status of the President of the Russian Federation is substantiated, which predetermines the special role and place of the head of state in public administration.

It is noted that among the principles of organizing public power, the concept of separation of powers is important, which has not received its proper implementation in the organization and activities of public authorities due to the lack of a “system of balancing and mutual control”. Considering the constitutional foundations of the organization of public power, the author of the article comes to the conclusion that it is necessary to develop and adopt a federal constitutional law that would regulate the organizational activities of the State Duma, the Federation Council and the President. The possibility of adopting a federal constitutional law on public authority in connection with the constitutional amendments of 2020 is also substantiated.

The author identifies a number of problems in the development of domestic public authorities, substantiates their influence on the further development of state building. The problems of public administration are considered in two planes - "horizontal" (relations between the highest bodies of state power) and "vertical" (relations between the Russian Federation and its subjects). At the “horizontal” level, one of the important aspects of public administration is the excessive concentration of power in the hands of the head of state, which makes it difficult to implement the principle of separation of powers, the underdevelopment of political and party pluralism, the lack of implementation of the institutions of constitutional and legal responsibility. To the "vertical" - excessive regulation by the federal legislator of the powers of the subjects of the Federation, which is reflected in the restriction of the legal independence of the subjects of the Russian Federation.

In conclusion, conclusions are drawn, and some recommendations are proposed aimed at resolving the identified problems of domestic public administration.

The article analyzes the process of expanding of state control in a modern society, especially intensified at the period of COVID pandemic. The concepts of state and political control are specified, the insufficient scientific development of the problems of transformation of state control in a digital society is declared, the real and possible negative consequences of state regulation and control of private life, behavior and consciousness of people for personal freedom and democratic social structure are discussed. Two main groups of reasons for the expansion of state control in a digital society and its methods are identified and analyzed: the scientific and technical and social ones. It is shown that the dominance of the interests of the ruling elite in a state policy encourages it to use the expansion of state control not only for increasing the efficiency of public administration, but first of all for the purpose of neo-totalitarian transformation of the management system and society on the whole. By means of the examples of the United States and the other states, the specific forms of growing regulation and control of people's privacy, behavior and consciousness are revealed. The general mechanism of the destructive impact of total control on society and the individual is demonstrated. It is shown that this impact leads to elimination of civil society, freedom and democracy and in the future, if consistently implemented, may cause anthropological degeneration of the human race itself, a person as a rational being with freedom of thought and will. The conducted analysis results in conclusions and recommendations on optimization and democratization of the process of transformation of state control in the digital society.

The article is devoted to the concept of history of management thought of professor V.I. Marshev. The article analyzes in detail Marshev's book "History of Management Thought. Genesis and Development from Ancient Origins to the Present Day». The article highlights the philosophical, methodological, epistemological and genre features of this book. The article analyzes in detail the problem of demarcation of the history of managerial thought. The article reveals the relationship of various management disciplines: management, public administration, cybernetics, operations research, etc. The article proposes and substantiates a network model of general management science.

The article analyzes the evolution of the soft power concept that was developed at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries by the American political scientist J. S. Nye Jr. The authors consider the transformation of the soft power concept in accordance with global shifts in the system of international relations, changes in the balance of forces between the main actors and the rapid development of digital technologies. The analysis of soft power and smart power concept as well as their relationship with various manifestations of hard power is provided. Furthermore, possibilities of using hard power instruments in order to generate an effect comparable to the one of soft power are regarded. The authors separately consider the concept of legitimacy in the successful application of soft power technologies as well as the possibilities of manipulative application of strategies aimed at forming attractive images through propaganda. The authors place special emphasis on the fact that the policy of D. Trump forced by J. Nye to adjust his concept of the main soft power resources and to strengthen the role of the public as the main carrier of norms and values attractive to other countries in times of crisis. At the same time, the main practical purpose of the concept of J. Nye is still to preserve the role of the global hegemon for the United States of America.

The testimony of a participant of the international commission of forensic medical experts, Bulgarian doctor A.M. Markov, about his business trip to the Smolensk region, to the place of mass graves in the Katyn forest, where the German special services exhumed and identified the corpses of Polish officers shot, allegedly in the spring of 1940. The purpose that the German authorities set before this commission was to confirm the validity of the conclusions of German experts about the three-year-old execution and burial of prisoners of war, as well as the results of the identification of corpses.

Markov records the fact that he was forced to take part in the work of this commission. Informs about the personal composition of the commission and its relocation to the place of work in Smolensk, familiarization with the site of excavation of graves, the examination of corpses by German specialists and the working conditions of the commission.

At the site of the excavation of the graves, the German forensic expert Butz was in charge of everything. The exhumation and identification work carried out in the Katyn forest and the results of the inspection of the graves are described, the members of the commission are familiarized with the stories of a group of local residents presented as witnesses to the executions by the NKVD of the USSR, a visit to the premises where work was carried out with documents found with corpses that served as evidence of 3-year-old burials, which seemed doubtful to Markov. At the second visit to the graves, the members of the commission carried out studies of the corpses. At this time, doubts about the German version of the execution of Markov intensified, which was facilitated by Dr. Orzos' attempt to back up the conclusions of German experts with his own experience. The condition of the young trees presented to the commission from the burial site further reinforced these doubts. Czech forensic expert Gayek had similar doubts. As a result, A.M. Markov did not sign the protocol prepared by the German side and participate in propaganda events designed to confirm the German version of the Katyn graves.

The article focuses on the main trends in the formation of the institution of local self-government in the Rostov region in the early 1990s. The growing role of local administration in solving important issues of socio-economic development of the country and its regions at the present stage determines the relevance of the topic. Effective improvement of local self-government is possible only on the basis of the study historical experience of reforms and transformations. Using existing scientific researches the author develop own “stageization” of the process of transforming the system of government departments into local self-government authorities in the considered period. As a result of using an historical-comparative, historical-dynamic and retrospective research methods it was possible to determine the key characteristics of each stage and the main problems solved at each of them. The author installed the process of the formation of federal legislation on local self-government and its impact on the creation of a regional legislation in the Rostov region. It is concluded that the system of local self-government built in the Rostov region was organizationally consistent with constitutional principles. It is necessary to further study the problem with the expansion of the range of sources, which will highlight the most promising  directions for the development of local self-government and, possibly, will be of practical interest for modern public authorities.

The main strategic resource of the current development is human capital which accumulates all the intellectual, physiological labor and social potential of people, the possibility of using it to ensure a sustainable trend in the economic system development in conditions of constant turbulence, increasing uncertainty, and increasing technological progress.

The goal of the study is to assess the state of human capital at the regional level, to identify trends and factors of its formation with subsequent implementation in the regional development strategy at the stage of transition to the sixth technological order. To achieve the goal of the study, a number of tasks are formulated in the work: to determine the trends in the use of human capital as a factor in the innovative development of the economy, to assess the structural elements that form the basis of human capital, to determine the reflection of the processes of human capital formation in strategic and innovative plans for the development of territories.

The subject of the study is the economic relations arising in the process of formation and use of human capital in the development of regional economic systems at the stage of formation of the sixth technological order.

The main results of the study are to assess the state of human capital formed and used at the regional level in the context of its main components, to determine the main reasons for the high differentiation of the level of its formation in the conditions of the multistructural nature of the Russian economy. The scope of the results obtained is determined by the possibilities of forming strategic programs for regional development, taking into account human potential and the need to equalize the socio-economic situation of the territories.

The article is devoted to the managerial ideas of G.P. Maksimov, one of the most famous theorists of Russian anarchism in the late 1910s - 1930s. The author examines the concept of a "transition period" to an imperious society, developed by Maximov in the late 1920s in his work "Constructive Anarchism". For this model of socio-political structure, it was assumed that the elements of power would be preserved in a decentralized form, transferred to the elected bodies of industrial and territorial self-government of workers. The author analyzes the origins of Maximov's concept and its role in the development of the anarchist current of world social thought.

The article is devoted to the study of design thinking as a new approach used by modern companies to solve problems of various levels of complexity (and their comprehension), and the implementation of favorable opportunities. It presents a retrospective view on the development of design thinking, identifies priority sectors of its application, and reviews the definitions of the concept by leading researchers. It is shown that designers in the modern economy are beginning to play an increasingly important strategic role. This is due to the fact that the twenty-first century is becoming a century of constant innovation, and innovation for companies is becoming a survival strategy. The article provides a comparative description of two approaches (methods) to managerial decision-making (business thinking and design thinking) and discloses an algorithm for applying each of them on a specific example. The stages of the design thinking process (empathy, analysis, and synthesis, generation of ideas, prototyping, testing, storytelling) are singled out and a brief description of each of them is given. Particular attention is paid to the justification of the need to form a cross-functional team to achieve results, shows its participation in the implementation of a specific project, and formulates questions to improve the effectiveness of teamwork in business. The author analyzes the experience of applying design thinking in a particular company, which allowed it to take a leading position in its segment of the global market. It is concluded that design thinking helps company managers to rethink the essence of business, better understand the needs of their customers, identify the most profitable niches and implement appropriate innovative projects.

The article is devoted to the study of the mechanisms of integrated interaction in the regional markets of tourist and recreational services, the stabilization impact on the economy of the region of the cluster and network approach to the organization of historical and cultural tourism. The scientific novelty of the study is to identify network models of functioning of the sphere of historical and cultural tourism, which have a positive impact on the socioeconomic indicators of the territories. One of the goals and objectives of the regional strategic management is the design of optimal conditions for clusters and networks of tourism business, as it will stabilize the demand and increase the stability of service markets, in particular historical and cultural tourism, which is a relatively new direction.

The purpose of the article is to analyze the indicators of historical and cultural tourism of the region and identify trends in the formation of network interaction as a stabilizing factor of market development. Achievement of the goal is associated with such tasks as analysis of scientific and theoretical works in the field of network and cluster development of tourism; definition and classification of the main types of clusters and network models, taking into account their impact on the position of enterprises in the industry and the effects for the territories. Methods: system and situational approaches, modeling of socio-economic processes, analysis of statistics.

Results. The studied indicators of the development of historical and cultural tourism in Perm region, identified problems and limitations and also benefits of the implemented cluster and network approaches to management of development of the industry.

Main conclusions. Historical and cultural tourism is developing effectively in the conditions of integrated cluster and network interaction. On the territory of Perm region operates a cluster of historical and cultural orientation, for the effective implementation of the programme approach in the management at the regional level it is necessary to monitor the achievement of indicators and indicators that the organization of tourist activities on the regional market is a stabilizing factor.

The article discusses the creation of an economic mechanism for the sustainable development of the socio-economic system of the region as a combination of forms, methods and technologies, reflecting the features and specifics of the relationship between systemically important economic processes, as a set of interrelated organizational, technical, economic and informational measures. The types of economic mechanisms are reviewed in order to unify approaches to the analysis of the effectiveness and sustainability of regional socio-economic systems. The formulated approach to the definition of the concept of “economic mechanism” allows you to specify the subject area in order to analyze the problems of sustainable development and the causes of their occurrence. The rationale for the postulate is given that the effectiveness of the economic mechanism should be determined by the high probability of realizing the interests of the subjects, and its optimality by the presence of developed horizontal connections, and by some redundancy of information flows between the subjects for the possibility of verification and comparison of data. It is noted that the determining aspect of the formation of the economic mechanism is the formalization and structuring of business management processes at all levels of administrative responsibility.

In this article, the authors express their views on the place and role of goal-setting in the administrative process and assess the importance of constructive growth based on state strategy and the underlying public interest. They also try to prove that the presence of scientifically-grounded goals, their consistency and functional clarity are the basic conditions for state efficiency an d the high quality of state administration. The article also considers the issues of goal-setting in difficult conditions of modern-day life, in situations where strict methodological and ideological guidelines and relevant organizational, procedural and heuristic algorithms are not available. Only a “philosophical vision of the future” and normatively-approved performance indicators of the executive bodies are clearly not enough.

All this necessitates the shaping of a modern “culture of change” in the administrative apparatus and its specialists, the ability to not bureaucratically restrain or destroy, but create, multiply and stimulate, while retaining the best practices that have been accumulated throughout the state-building history and the best public administration experience; not to hamper, but implement, new things and master more effective ways. The authors define the concepts of “strategy”, “goal” and “goal-setting”, identify a number of politically-, organizationally- and functionally-interrelated target subsystems within them, and prove that the tasks of modernization and social renewal can be implemented effectively only by a stable, well-structured, highly professional state apparatus, as well as a well-organized and reputable public service.

Summary conclusion: administrative goals and measures for their effective implementation should be politically, legally and economically justified; they should reflect the deep interest of the society, and be implemented systematically and continuously. The key to success is consistency, strategic orientation, professionalism, responsibility and constructive action.

The article reveals the reasons for the increasing interest of researchers in business models. The article notes a certain coincidence in the approaches to the analysis of business models. The article shows that business model-transforming innovations are a more important source of competitive advantage in comparison with product innovations. The article summarizes the most used approaches to the analysis of business models and reveals their General drawback. The authors of the article identified two groups of criteria that must be taken into account for the correct identification of strategic business units and development of their own strategy for each of them. The paper proves that the starting point in the formation of a business model is the choice of a competitive strategy and reveals the relationship between the business strategy and the business model. The article reveals various approaches to the development of competitive strategies, a significant part of which is undervalued in the science and practice of business. The authors focus on the importance of taking into account critical (key) success factors when forming a business model.

The research is aimed at studying the role of social guarantees in stimulating the work of public civil servants. Social guarantees of state civil servants are the most important incentives for officials. Researchers give ambiguous assessments of state social guarantees in terms of labor incentives. Therefore, the purpose of the work is to evaluate the stimulating impact of state social guarantees on the activities of civil servants and suggest measures to improve the application of social guarantees. The research used methods of system analysis and general scientific methods. To achieve this goal, the article substantiates the importance of social guarantees in the system of motivation of civil servants, analyzes the state social guarantees, and assesses the effectiveness of their application in the civil service. Based on the results of the study, the authors assess the stimulating influence of state social guarantees on the activities of state civil servants. It is established that some social guarantees, which are long-term in nature and aimed at forming long-term service relationships, have a weak connection with service experience, which reduces their stimulating influence. Based on the author’s analysis of the identified problems of the impact of state social guarantees on the activities of civil servants, the need to strengthen the stimulating role of social guarantees related to seniority, including: a monthly Supplement to the official salary, the provision of housing subsidies, state awards and other guarantees, by further differentiating the length of service and the amount of guarantees. As a perspective for the study of social guarantees, it seems appropriate to develop a methodology for evaluating the effectiveness of their application in the state civil service of the Russian Federation.

The article is devoted to the preparation and realization of strategically important documents concerning country’s regional policy and its spatial development. One of the problems with these documents is their insufficient scientific validity, which prevents forecasting future events as well as the conditions for their occurrence. The article states that ensuring the scientific validity of the documents grants the appearance of suitable conditions for crafting an accurate, state-of-the-art document that would not only satisfy the legal requirements in this area of public relations but also would contain regulations that would provide smooth practical implementation.

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the potential benefits and risks arising in the process of university-business cooperation (UBC) from the perspective of three key actors — universities, commercial companies and the state. Advantages and limitations are grouped into four categories: financial and economic (gaining or losing additional income and other financial benefits / losses from cooperation), organizational or administrative (changes in the organizational structure, business processes, use of human potential), related to the main activity of organizations (the quality of the organization’s mission implementation), as well as image-building (the organization’s position in ratings, brand recognition, goodwill). The analysis showed that a competent assessment of the resources available to organizations, understanding of differences in corporate culture, studying best practices of similar projects’ implementation, and also legal support of these relationships, which will help to avoid many risks and negative consequences in the future, are of great importance for the success of university-business cooperation.

The article is devoted to a review of modern practice of implementing state policy on career guidance for youth. It is indicated that the choice by young people of the future sphere of professional activity is mainly situational-factorial, and not predictive-conscious in nature. A list of the main groups of factors motivating the choice of the future profession by modern Russian youth is given. The purpose of the article is to prove the need to strengthen the role of the state in the professional orientation of youth. On the basis of the study, the need was identified to intensify the strategic approach within the framework of this state policy, to build on a systematic basis holistic work on the formation of labor resources and career guidance for youth in accordance with the current situation and prospects for the development of the labor market, the synthesis of ongoing career counseling measures at all levels of youth education, strengthening collaboration of a wide range of participants (state and non-state institutions, federal and regional actors of state policy). As a measure to strengthen the state policy on career guidance for youth, it is proposed to switch from a tactical career guidance model to a career management model based on an analysis of the current state and a forecast analysis of future labor market transformations.

The article is devoted to the key factors determined pattern and scale of Red Army and German Army losses during the operation to Kalinin city liberation in December, 1941. Author studied the conditions of the beginning of the Great Patriotic War in the context of their influence on the losses of the warring sides. The difficulties of the Soviet and German armed forces on the tactical and operational levels are revealed. The personal dimension of the decision making process predetermined the course and the results of the battle is considered.

Shcherbatov’ literary utopia can be considered as a treatise on the methods of public administration. It contains a description of three methods: “spatial management”, “feedback” and “personal behavior management.” They constitute a unity that allows preserving, developing and enhancing communication between the authorities and the population of the country. Each of these mechanisms is described in territorial, temporary and mental space of the “ideal” state. Shcherbatov saw the potential use of these mechanisms in modern Russia. But he understood that there were no conditions for their implementation in the management system The mechanisms proposed by him were not invented by him. Separate elements of each of them existed in the socio-political thought of European education. It was due to Scherbatov, that he discerned the possibilities of using this kind of mechanism, which was much ahead of his time.

The article is devoted to the problem of adopting the law “On Political Parties” in the second half of the 1990s. Based on a study of various sources, the author attempts to finalize this law after it was rejected by the Federation Council in early 1996. The adoption of this law was dictated by the need to exclude numerous non-political organizations from the electoral process. The total participation of these organizations in the 1995 parliamentary elections led to conflicting results and cast doubt on the effectiveness of the majorityproportional electoral system. Howevear, despite the intentions of the deputies, who, it would seem, were interested in the speedy adoption of this normative act, work on the document had stalled. The reasons that did not allow the adoption of this document again were in several factors. This is, firstly, an extremely difficult political situation in which the Duma of the second convocation acted, constantly standing on the verge of dissolution. Secondly, a significant amount of legislative work was influenced, which the opposition Duma was forced to carry out under constant time pressure. Thirdly, deputies feared that this law would be used against opposition parties. However, the decisive factor, which for decades did not allow achieving results, was the absence in Russia of strong parties and a developed party system. On the other hand, the refusal to fix the special rights and obligations of political parties in a special law can be considered as a feature of the Russian constitutional law of the 1990s. The then legislation allowed not only ideological, but also organizational pluralism for numerous socio-political associations.

The article addresses an acute issue of forming a modern pension system in the Republic of Kazakhstan in conditions of emerging market economy and aging population. The article examines the development and implementation of the national pension system in Kazakhstan in the 1990’s and 2000’s with the transition from state Pay-As-You-Goto a predominantly accumulative pension system, at the same time maintaining minimum social guarantees and increasing the official retirement age in the country. It also traces the transition from a decentralized system of mandatory funded pension insurance based on non-state pension funds to a centralized system represented by a Single accumulative pension Fund, with a gradual leveling of retirement age of men and women to 63 years. Drawing on SWOT analysis, the article identifies the priority directions for the development of the pension system in Kazakhstan with the formation of a multi-level model designed to ensure an increase in pensioners’ standard of living. The final part of the article presents the authors’ analysis of the national pension system and its place within the rating of the countries participating in the Global retirement index MMGPI and its sub-indices. The authors suggest certain measures for its improvement, such as raising the minimum retirement security, introducing additional compulsory insurance of employers’ contributions, tax incentives for voluntary pension savings, diversification of investment strategies including the right of citizens to choose a managing company.

Rapid absolution of skills and knowledge determines the need for constant retraining, advanced training and mastering new technologies. Nevertheless, the volume and complexity of the material learned are no longer consider being the main value of the learning process. Development of the range of cognitive abilities, which can be combined under the general concept of «learning to learn», comes to the forefront.

The article analyzes the “learning to learn” concept in the context of various approaches that differs both in the content of this skill and in the interpretation of its formation conditions. Within the first approach, “learning to learn” skill is developed through the disclosure of the skill’s structure to students. Within the second approach, the skill is developed by solving practical or research problems. The third approach to the “learning to learn” formation provides changes in the content of training and develops educational cooperation between the teacher and the students. Until now, no studies have been conducted to prove constant advantage of a particular method in the context of “learning to learn” formation.

In this paper “learning to learn” is considered to be a symbiosis of self-discipline, perseverance, motivation, information literacy, speed reading, critical thinking and reflection. Considerable attention is paid to the conceptual and terminological apparatus of the «learning to learn».

For almost two hundred years, the Arab Orthodox population of Syria and Lebanon, which constituted the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch, was under the ecclesiastical authority of the Greeks. The growth of the national consciousness of the Middle Eastern Arabs caused a desire to free themselves from this power, which at the end of the 19th century led to a protracted churchpolitical conflict in the Orthodox world. For the first time in Russian science, the article examines an important episode in the struggle of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch for its independence  — the patriarchal elections of 1906. The paper is based on the reports of the Russian consuls in Damascus and Beirut, which contain valuable information about the course of the struggle for the patriarchal throne, its participants, as well as the subsequent struggle for the recognition of the new patriarch by the Greek Churches.

The article researches the process of authorities’ transformation responsible for regulating state-confessional relations in the 1990–1997 period, associated with the adoption and practical application of the RSFSR “On freedom of religion” law in the context of the Russian model of religious policy formation. The rejection of the Soviet religious policy model intensified the search for a new vision that meets the society needs in the face of political changes. Manifested by 1993 the lack of a systematic approach to solving religious problems has predetermined the emergence of new interaction forms between authorities and confessional structures. The article uses the materials of the State archive of the Russian Federation and the Central state archive of Moscow to study the role of state institutions responsible for interaction with religious organizations, changes in these organizations functioning and the nature of state-confessional relations in general. The author comes to the conclusion that the processes of formation of new interaction forms between the state and confessional structures have contributed to the renewal of the state institutions system, to the creation of their new functioning principles, which operate in modern Russia, and to emphasized the need to improve legal regulation in the field of freedom of conscience.

In this article, the subjects of the civic identity formation and the evolution of political socialization factors are analyzed. Socialization mechanisms of ethnic  and civic identities have various types of influence on a person, competing with each other. In the work, critical factors that impact on the socialization process are identified, such as instability of modern capitalism, the decreasing role of the welfare state, the participatory democracy crisis. These factors create conditions that strengthen ethnic identities and increase the influence of populism in politics. The factors lead to a change in the role of a state and to a weakening civic identity.

In the modern economy, human capital is the main strategic resource for development, which has a direct impact on economic growth and social welfare. In the Strategy of Socio-Economic Development of the Russian Federation for the Period Up to 2030, human capital is given priority, and therefore there is a need to develop and supplement existing methods of its assessment and management. The need to develop new methods is also connected with the transition of the economy to the new technological and world economic paradigms and the corresponding change in the structure and value of human capital. 

Presented article is the development of a study on the measurement of human capital in terms of structural changes in the economy; its aim is to develop a model of human capital formation, assessment and management through inclusion in strategic plans of socio-economic development in the transition to an integrated world economy and the sixth technological paradigm.

The tasks of the study are to consider the problems and prospects for the Russian human capital development at the stage of the new technological and world economic paradigms formation; to create a matrix of parameters for assessing human capital; to form a socio-economic model for the formation and assessment of national human capital. 

The subject of the research is economic relations arising in the process of formation and use of human capital at the present stage of economic development. The main results of the research are the development of a conceptual model for multi-level and multi-component assessment of national human capital. The scope of the results obtained is determined by the possibility of including key parameters of human capital in strategic plans for socio-economic development and improving the competitiveness of the national economy.