Moscow University Public Administration Bulletin. 2025. 1.

The article discusses the issues and directions of regulation of the development and application of artificial intelligence (AI). The existing approaches to legal, ethical and technical regulation of AI at the national and international levels are analyzed, their shortcomings and limitations are revealed. A detailed analysis of various approaches to AI regulation (soft, hard, neutral, ethical, technical) is presented. The need for a balanced, integrated approach to regulation is emphasized, which will stimulate the development of AI, while minimizing risks and ensuring the protection of citizens' rights. It is shown that choosing an approach to AI regulation is a matter of balancing innovation, safety and ethics, which should take into account the interests of all parties, not just those who develop and use these technologies. It is concluded that the formation of an effective AI regulatory system is a difficult but extremely important task to ensure its safe and ethical development.

The article reveals the main causes of modern bureaucracy, rooted in the structure of the system of public administration, the configuration of the interests of the whole society, the ruling political and administrative elites. The specifics of digital bureaucracy associated with the use of information, communication, network technologies and automated devices to implement the selfish interests of managers, their departure from the control of citizens and society are revealed. Modern forms of bureaucratic use of digitalization are characterized. The dependence of the scale and forms of manifestation of digital bureaucracy on the position of the ruling elite, the presence of its political will and determination in eliminating this managerial pathology is revealed. A set of measures to improve the effectiveness of the fight against digital bureaucracy is substantiated.

The purpose of the article is to determine the features of the formation of the institution of social entrepreneurship in the reunited regions (Donetsk and Lugansk People's Republics, Zaporizhia and Kherson regions) and to substantiate the ways to improve the instruments of its state support. The article emphasizes the potential of individual regional programs that can become an effective tool for adapting these territories to the social standards of the country. In addition, the role of the Centers for Innovation in the Social Sphere (CISS) as the core of the emerging system for building new mechanisms for social entrepreneurship in regions with deformed methods of state regulation is highlighted. This system includes all three levels of public administration: federal, regional and municipal. The first includes federal programs, grants and preferential lending. The second includes regional programs, infrastructure for supporting entrepreneurship. The third includes property support, primarily lease of premises and land on preferential terms. Moreover, the last level is the most problematic.

Currently, one of the problems widely discussed in scientific and expert circles is the problem of negative anthropogenic impact on the environment, noted in the course of economic activity and associated, among other things, with greenhouse gas emissions. Currently, the transport industry is recognized as one of the sectors of the economy that is a key emitter of greenhouse gases, and accordingly, the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by this industry is an urgent task. The solution to this problem is possible by reorienting passenger and cargo transportation in favor of transport using alternative fuels, which include electric motor transport. Within the framework of this article, based on research based on the general principles of the scientific approach, including the analysis of data published in scientific articles and applied developments by both domestic and foreign authors, the norms of international and Russian law, as well as statistical information. As a result of the conducted research, the following key barriers have been identified that impede the expansion of the use of electric transport in the Russian Federation: the distrust of the population towards this type of transport, the high cost of buying electric vehicles compared to an analog on an internal combustion engine, infrastructural, as well as technological limitations. As suggestions for overcoming these barriers, the following were noted: reducing the cost of an electric car, developing a network of charging infrastructure, developing the production and disposal of batteries. The results of this study form the basis for further theoretical study of this area, and can also be used as an analytical basis for the formation of proposals for further improvement of the state policy for the development of automotive electric transport.

This paper explores approaches to managing the field of physical culture and sports based on the theory of public goods. It highlights the critical role of the state in developing this sector, including ensuring the accessibility of sports goods and services for all population groups and implementing strategic initiatives. The author has developed a conceptual management model for this sector, which considers the diversity of its areas and the interests of various stakeholders. The proposed model identifies the main directions of public economic policy in this field. The practical significance of the study lies in its potential application in developing strategic documents and programs. The theoretical contribution of the research consists in adapting the theory of public goods to address the challenges of managing physical culture and sports.

The article is devoted to the problem of applying the concept of organizational ambidexterity, which is a new approach to the analysis and management of innovative activities of commercial companies, to the field of higher education. It is concluded that it is necessary to clarify the content of the concepts of exploration and exploitation for higher education organizations due to the distinctive features of this sphere: conducting scientific research is one of the main tasks of universities, profit is not the main goal of their activities, and the share of state funding for scientific research in the higher education sector is more than 60%. As a basis for distinguishing these concepts, it is proposed to apply three criteria: the creation of new knowledge, the presence of a direct customer and the form of presentation of scientific results. Thus, it is proposed to classify fundamental research as exploration, and applied research and development as exploitation. Based on the results of the conducted assessment of the industry R&D orientation, it was concluded that the higher education sector in Russia is an ambidextrous industry, since educational organizations carry out both fundamental and applied research and development. At the same time, it is believed that for a single organization operating in an ambidextrous industry, it is more advantageous to adhere to one of the R&D strategies (exploration or exploitation). However, it is the dual nature of exploration and exploitation activities in universities that enables them to effectively implement their main missions - educational and scientific research, as well as to transfer knowledge and technology. In this regard, the role of the state in stimulating educational organizations to conduct not only applied, but also fundamental research is increasing, since it will ensure the unity of the development of science and the production system to strengthen the technological sovereignty of the Russian Federation.

The necessity to form an integrated system of attracting and building up the intellectual potential of the country for its scientific and technological development is caused by the rapid development of technologies that have greatly transformed the landscape of global education and naturally accelerated the transformation of science in the world. The search for answers to big challenges involves all aspects of the research process, including the management of research activities. The continuity of scientific knowledge is carried out through the interaction of the "supervisor – applicant", that the supervisor plays a key role in the success of the defense of dissertations. The author of the article proposes to comprehend the materials of expert interviews and identify the factors that stimulate employees of the nuclear industry to lead dissertations of degree applicants. The expediency of the conducted research is caused by the need to identify significant factors motivating scientific supervisors to lead and increase the proportion of dissertation research defenses of degree applicants.

Article 6 of the 1977 Constitution of the USSR assigned the Communist Party a special status as a "guiding force in society." The loss of this status deprived the CPSU of the opportunity to be the exclusive and most numerous force in the USSR. This issue was particularly acute in the Belarusian SSR, in which the elimination of the consequences of the Chernobyl accident and political instability brought the CPB and the Union center closer together. The article aims to identify the dynamics of changes in the relationship between the Union center and the BSSR from 1988 to March 1990, from the XIX party Conference to the III Congress of People's Deputies. To do this, it is necessary to consider the dynamics of political processes in the BSSR and the USSR, analyze the transcripts of Congresses and Plenums at which the issue of repealing Article 6 was discussed and separately analyze the change in the position of the Belarusian side on this issue. The article shows the change in the attitude of representatives of the elite of the Belarusian state towards the Union center, Mikhail Gorbachev and perestroika. Initially, the leaders of the BSSR enthusiastically accepted the results of the XIX party conference, but political instability and the activation of nationalist forces forced them to rally even more around the union center. When the Union center initiated the repeal of Article 6, transferring significant powers to the President, the CPB also supported Mikhail Gorbachev for the sake of maintaining stability in the Soviet Union, although it began to criticize the head of the USSR and his political course.

This article analyzes the forestry business of the Ryabushinsky family in the historical context of changes in the entire commercial enterprise of the dynasty. The changes in strategic management goals in the forestry business are examined as elements of the management system. Only those strategic goals are analyzed which led to the creation of new business ventures. The study focuses on the resource-based approach as a factor influencing the change in the strategic management goals of the Ryabushinsky family's business.

The set of memorable dates is one of the supporting elements in the toolkit of historical policy, implemented. This toolkit is applied in the form of anniversaries - sets of complex measures to update historical memory. The objective of this article is to identify the typological features of the "anniversary" practice in the historical policy of Russia in the twentieth century. The basic research method is to identify anniversary cases, based on those memorable dates that played the most important role in historical policy at different stages of the existence of Russian statehood. The result of the study was the identification of two basic tasks of the "anniversary" practice. The first of them is the formalization of the transformation of public consciousness, following a change in state policy or public reaction to this policy. The second task is to mobilize public consciousness to achieve the goals of either state policy or public activity. In each of the three cases under consideration, these two functions were present, but in different proportions, which influenced the nature and results of each specific anniversary practice.

The end of the Napoleonic Wars brought new additions to the British colonial empire. It was replenished with possessions in Europe, including the Ionian Islands, which had experience of their own statehood: at the end of the 18th – beginning of the 19th centuries, there existed an autonomous Septinsular Republic under the supreme authority of the Ottoman Sultan and a protectorate of Russia. Historians disagree on how to characterize British rule on the islands: in Greece it is often called colonial, while the Anglo-American tradition has softer assessments. This article analyzes the protectorate regime established by Great Britain on the islands (1815–1864) and discusses whether it can be considered colonial. On this purpose, we examine the conditions under which Great Britain obtained a protectorate over the archipelago; study the fundamental documents on which it was founded; give an overview of the policies of the Lords High Commissioners of the island state and its political development; and analyze the attitude of the local population to British rule.

Improving and developing the national payment system is the key to sustainable development of the entire economy of the country. One of the such current areas is implementation of a new financial instrument in the Russian Federation - the Digital Ruble. The article is devoted to the analysis of the concept and legal nature of the digital ruble, as well as the identification of problem areas of domestic legislation regulating the issue and circulation of the digital ruble. The paper examines various doctrinal approaches to the problem of legislative regulation of digital currencies, digital financial assets and the digital ruble. It is concluded that the concept of «Digital ruble as the third form of money» does not correspond to legal reality, and the new financial instrument should be classified as non-cash money. Problem areas of domestic legislation regulating the legal status of the digital ruble are noted.