Articles

Artificial intelligence plays an important role in healthcare in general and in pharmaceuticals in particular. It is used to improve drug development processes, disease diagnostics, and supply chain management. In pharmaceutical practice, artificial intelligence can significantly improve drug administration and patient care. At the same time, there are also certain problems with the active penetration of AI into almost all areas of healthcare, and it is difficult to determine whether they are temporary or long-term. From a management perspective, the problem of interaction between key actors (stakeholders) influencing both policy formation in this area and the possibilities and limitations of AI application in healthcare is relevant.

Clinical decision support systems (CDSS) are actively being implemented in the digital support of medical organizations, providing doctors with prompt ac cess to scientifi c and methodological evidence-based knowledge and medical data at all stages of medical care. The experience of using CDSS has shown improved patient treatment outcomes, reduced the number of medical errors, and increased clinical and cost-effectiveness in general. The study of the potential capabilities of the CDSS continues and the prospects for future developments in this area are being determined. At the same time, there are a number of problems related to the implementation of the CDSS, of which the problems of medical data security, system integration and approval of the soft ware product by medical specialists remain the most priority. CDSS have demonstrated significant potential, but their implementation and optimization remain challenging. Th e article provides an overview of research publications on the development and implementation of CDSS in medicine, the role of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in the development of new models. Decision support systems for medical professionals and patients are among the priorities of applied scientific research in the interests of medicine and healthcare proposed by the Russian Ministry of Health. These types of developments are included in the section of innovative technologies in the field of digital management in the healthcare sector.

Artificial intelligence technologies have been intensively implemented in the healthcare sector in Russia since 2023. A priority area for the introduction of AI technologies is the use of medical devices with AI technologies (MD with AI) and their introduction into the contour of state information systems in the healthcare sector of the subjects of the Russian Federation. To analyze the outcomes of the development and deployment of AI technologies in the healthcare sector in the Russian Federation. As of July 7, 2025, Roszdravnadzor registered 47 medical devices with AI technologies, 29 AI solutions focused on radiological image analysis, 6 on electronic medical record data analysis, 2 AI solutions for video stream analysis, 2 AI solutions for digital ECG analysis, 2 AI solutions for surgery planning and 1 AI solution for pharmaceutical therapy analysis. More than 200 new innovative domestic AI solutions with diff erent levels of technological readiness are being created in subordinate organizations of the Russian Ministry of Health. Th ere are more than 190 data sets, as well as about 100 clinical tasks that can be solved using AI. In 2023, all subjects of the Russian Federation started implementing AI in thehealthcare sector (with the exception of new subjects of the Russian Federa tion). As of December 31, 2024, 412 Missions have been implemented. Since 2023, AI technologies have been intensively implemented in healthcare, regulatory conditions for the use of AI have been created, and innovative solutions with AI technologies have been created and implemented.

The first part of the study is devoted to the study of the processes of formation and development of environmental policy in Russia in the imperial and Soviet periods (before 1991). The features of the emergence of environmental traditions in the Russian Empire, characterized by the fragmentation of regulatory measures and a predominantly resource-oriented approach to environmental management, are considered. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the system of socialist environmental management in the USSR, including a study of the conceptual foundations of the Soviet environmental doctrine, institutional mechanisms of environmental protection activities and contradictions between the declared principles of rational environmental management and the practice of extensive industrial development. The key factors in the transformation of approaches to environmental protection at various stages of the Soviet period are identified, and the influence of ideological attitudes on the formation of the state's environmental policy is analyzed. The study demonstrates the evolution from episodic environmental measures of the imperial period to the formation of a centralized system of environmental management in the Soviet era.

The process of transit of state power in the history of Russia has repeatedly taken place in conditions of crisis: full-scale or intra-elite. Weak expression of the institutions accompanying this process led to personal struggle between contenders for power. This led to the use of "cancellation mechanisms" of this or that contender. The objectives of this article are: to identify the conditions in which the need arose to use "cancellation mechanisms"; to show the tools of "cancellation"; to point out the results that the use of this tool led to. To solve these problems, the case method was used. The authors selected the most illustrative of the situations of power transit in the USSR. To identify and describe the "cancellation mechanisms", the methods of institutional, semantic and semiotic analysis were used. The analysis conducted by the authors confirmed the original hypothesis about the weakness of the institutions of power transit. In each of the first two cases of transit (the 1920s and 1950s), this struggle between the contenders turned into a "zero-sum game". It ended with one of the "successors" gaining full power and the complete loss of political positions by all the others - their symbolic "cancellation". In the last of the cases considered, M.S. Gorbachev took steps to make it more difficult for "successors" to appear, but was unable to resist the process in which he himself, along with his decorative successors, was "cancelled" by the self-proclaimed successor - B.N. Yeltsin.

Digitalization is one of the key elements of the development of the control system. For the local level, the introduction of digital technologies and the formation of a culture of digitalization is heterogeneous, due to the digital inequality of municipalities. The article is devoted to the analysis of the regulatory framework and practical tools for the digitalization of municipal control. The purpose of the study is to identify gaps, collisions and other problematic aspects of digitalization of an administrative and technical nature. Federal legislation and strategic planning documents do not contain provisions that separate municipal control from the system of public control. There are also no separate provisions regarding the introduction of digital tools in urban and rural areas. Based on the analysis of the websites of the cities-administrative centers of the federal districts, the author comes to the conclusion about the incompleteness of providing information on the use of digital tools in municipal control and the average level of convenience of these sites for the user. To assess the effectiveness of digitalization and digital municipal control, it is necessary to develop new criteria that replace the "stick" quantitative indicators.

The third part of the article is devoted to the approaches of Russian jurisprudence to conceptualization of the functions of the state, to classification of states and to the explanation of the state origin. The author demonstrates that identifying functions of the state as a component of legal reality or in regard to this reality is quite complicated. He notes that legal theory classifies states in a mainly non-judicial manner, and shows the difficulties in classifying states as legal phenomena. The article considers the problems in theorizing on the state origin, caused by the flaws in the state conceptualization outlined in the previous parts of the article (namely, non-legal understanding of the state, mixing different meanings of the word “state”, extrapolating modern state features over the past epochs).

The article examines the theoretical and methodological aspects of political marketing as a complex interdisciplinary phenomenon located at the intersection of theories of mass communications, electoral behavior and market regulation. The author analyzes in detail the historical development of political marketing from ancient forms of propaganda and agitation to modern practices of using digital technologies and social networks in political communication. Special attention is paid to the changing role of marketing tools in the context of the democratization of society and the growing competition between political actors. The dual nature of political marketing is noted, which manifests itself simultaneously as a technology for mobilizing the electorate and as a tool for long-term influence on the political consciousness of citizens and the formation of their identities. An important part of the article is the analysis of controversial issues regarding the limits of acceptable influence on the audience, including consideration of ethical issues and the differences between informing and manipulating public consciousness. Using bibliometric analysis, the author systematizes data on the development of this scientific field, revealing the dynamics of the publication activity of Russian researchers and noting the lack of representation of their work in international scientific databases. It is concluded that it is necessary to involve new approaches from the fields of cognitive psychology, digital sociology, as well as studying the influence of algorithmic technologies and artificial intelligence on political communication in the study of political marketing. The article concludes by emphasizing the importance of enhancing transparency and responsibility of political marketing to society, especially in the context of global digitalization and the mediatization of political processes. A promising area of further research is the study of mechanisms for countering disinformation and the development of ethical standards for digital political communication.

The article analyzes the involvement of the regional public chambers of the Central Federal District in the Vkontakte social network and their readiness for a digital dialogue with the population. The main research hypothesis was the assumption that the publications of regional public chambers are a significant platform for the effective expression of public opinion, as well as for a transparent dialogue between the state and society. During the analysis, it was found that in the social network Vkontakte there are publics of 17 out of 18 regional public chambers, the number of subscribers in which does not exceed 1% of the population of the regions. At the same time, residents of the regions do not know anything about the activities of their regional chambers, and there is no purposeful activity to involve users of the social network. There are both leaders in information openness (regional public chambers of the Belgorod, Kaluga, Tula and Lipetsk regions, the city of Moscow) and outsiders in the information content of public sites on the Vkontakte social network (regional public chambers of the Kostroma, Orel, Ryazan, Tver and Yaroslavl regions). The monitoring has shown that there are certain positive relationships between the information openness of the communities of regional public chambers and the activity of their chairmen. For all 6 quantitative parameters: 1) total number of likes; 2) the total number of views; 3) the total number of comments; 4) the average number of likes; 5) the average number of views; 6) the average number of comments) the subscribers of the ROP communities of Moscow, the ROP of the Tula region and the ROP of the Moscow region are the most active. At the same time, according to their own activity (the number of entries), these regional public chambers are in 3rd, 4th and 9th places, respectively, that is, in the first half of the activity rating. A low level of feedback is observed in the ROP groups of the Tver region and the ROP of the Kostroma region, which are on the 13th and 17th places, respectively, in the rating of the asset of the communities of regional public chambers in the VKontakte social network. The monitoring demonstrated a significant potential for organizing a digital dialogue between the population and the state through regional public chambers.

Based on a review of the research literature, the article identifies and analyzes the “instrumental failures” of four key financial support measures for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) – guarantees, concessional loans, subsidies, and grants. It introduces the concept of an “instrumental failure” and develops a typology of conditions that drive government intervention off course: excessive or insufficient guarantee coverage, undifferentiated fees, overly low concessional rates, disproportionate subsidies and grants, a high share of refinancing, and repeated (“serial”) beneficiaries. The study’s practical significance lies in the specific remedies it proposes for each failure —ranging from an optimal guarantee-coverage band of 50–80 percent to floating fees and quotas for smaller firms —thereby providing a foundation for more precisely calibrated SME-support programs and greater efficiency in public spending.