Moscow University Public Administration Bulletin. 2024. 3.

Today, competition is positioned as the main tool for increasing market efficiency, including in the social sphere. Annual monitoring of the state of competition is carried out across regions, roadmaps and target indicators are developed. The article analyzes the effectiveness of institutional design of competition in regional markets in the social sphere. Based on the example of indicators of population satisfaction with the level of prices and quality in the markets of regions, the absence of significant changes in the level of competition in them was demonstrated. A conclusion is made about a formal approach to the development of measures to develop competition. Based on the conducted research, recommendations are given for building models of service markets in the social sphere. The conditions for the institutional design of competition have been established: reducing the difference between service providers in the public and commercial sectors in the economic aspect, observing restrictions on the territorial criterion (development of competition in large cities and towns). Market segments in which it is advisable to introduce competition mechanisms are identified. In particular, in the medical services market, the greatest effect can be achieved by introducing competitive mechanisms in primary health care, and in the social services market - in the home care segment. Other segments of the mentioned markets have fairly high barriers to entry, primarily of an economic nature, so stimulating competition in them will be unjustifiably expensive. The markets for preschool education, additional education for children, children's recreation and health improvement do not have such restrictions. For the selected segments, recommendations were formulated for the development of competition in the markets for social services.

The strengthening of foreign policy pressure, the increase and complication of internal and external threats to the national economy increase the importance of forming a new approach to ensuring the economic security of the state. The purpose of the study is to determine the approach to ensuring economic security that most adequately meets the existing ones in modern times, external and internal threats to the national economy. Considering economic security as ensuring the protection of the economy from external and internal threats and its ability to effectively meet public needs, an attempt is made to explore the development of approaches to ensuring economic security. According to the results of the study, the cybernetic approach to ensuring economic security can become a theoretical and methodological basis for the formation of state policy in the field of economic security, capable of responding to today’s challenges, such as the growth of inequality and structural imbalances in economic development.

The purpose of the article is to reveal the process of transition in the country's social policy from the protection of motherhood and childhood to the protection of women's rights in 1990-1993 during the work of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation. At present, the state faces the task of raising demography and its solution is associated with the experience of the previous period. The article used comparative-historical, historical-systemic, logical and cause-and-effect methods. Scientific novelty is due to documents that have not been introduced into scientific circulation: documents of the office documentation of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation. Documents reflecting statistical data were also used: the report of the Russian Federation on the implementation of the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, prepared by the Government of the Russian Federation, and data from the periodicals of the specified years. The study shows that in the late 1980s, due to changing socio-economic conditions and the transition to a market economy, which required a clearer formulation of the rights of participants in market relations, the transformation of Soviet state policy in the field of motherhood and childhood protection began. In the Russian Federation, attempts to move from the abstract concept of protecting motherhood and childhood to considering women's rights within the framework of the concept of human rights have not yet succeeded in the period under review. But at that time, the foundations were laid for the transition in the 1990s to a policy that considers women's rights as a system of individual rights, which better corresponds to the realities of a market economy.

The current direction of studying the problems of quality of education is to identify the relationship and interdependence of the quality of education and the competitiveness of an educational organization. Both approaches deserve attention from the standpoint of achieving a result that is designed to meet the needs of stakeholders, on the one hand, in training a specialist with a professional education, on the other hand, a specialist in demand by the labor market who has the necessary set of universal and professional competencies. Quality and competitiveness are the objects of analysis, evaluation and management, determining the strategic directions of the development of an educational organization. To study the characteristics of the quality of education and their impact on the competitiveness of education, it is important to identify the processes that affect the quality of education and ensure its competitiveness. There is a relationship between the processes, which should be the object of management in the quality management system of an educational organization. To conduct the research, general scientific methods of cognition were used, which made it possible to approach the basic definitions related to the specifics of education quality management from an analytical point of view. Approaches to establishing the relationship between the quality of education and financial support from the standpoint of existing regulatory documents allowed us to interpret various options for the competitiveness of educational organizations and focus on the increasing need for the development and implementation of a quality management system in educational organizations as a set of internal documents characterizing the quality assurance of education.

The functioning of the innovation activity management system of enterprises, as a rule, is based on the use of classical management concepts, the analysis of which has established their fragmentation, linearity and, often, a distorted perception of the patterns of human behavior, which limits the application of the normative paradigm, since it no longer allows to obtain the necessary result. The purpose of the study is to use the synergetic approach as a template, as some form of distinction, to implement the selection of congruent properties of a reference innovatively active organization. To achieve this goal, methods of analysis and synthesis, generalization, systematization, a synergetic approach, and a method of reflection are used. The article presents the essential characteristics of the synergetic properties of a self-organizing system, which made it possible to create an image of a reference innovatively active organization. The structural elements of the management practices of a reference innovatively active organization are displayed, assessing the phenomena and processes that affect the level of innovation activity. It is proposed that the parameters in an innovatively active organization, through which the activity of co-creation subjects is regulated, can be assessed and regulated through a number of management practices: self-determination by employees of areas of activity and the selection of means necessary for the implementation of ideas; reflexive goal-setting, involving discussion by the head with the staff of goals and joint determination of optimal ways to achieve them; participation in expert groups on the systematic evaluation of author's proposals in the field of innovation and invention based on interaction and mutual respect in the framework of providing feedback. It is concluded that the key to using a synergetic approach to managing an innovatively active organization is a minimal, nonlinear, reflexive influence on the social subsystem, in which the meaning-forming factor is taking into account the behavioral patterns of individuals, allowing the subject of management to maintain organizational identity through minimal intervention and orient the process of self-organization in the direction of innovative development.

In 2023, the number of dashboards developed by specialists to support the activities of the Government of the Russian Federation exceeded 1,000 pieces. Based on the analysis of normative legal regulation on the example of the Government of the Russian Federation, the author concludes that at the moment the legislation lacks a system of legal norms that allow assessing the effectiveness of the creation of digital products in the system of public administration of the Russian Federation.

The research used general scientific methods: dialectical method, methods of formal logic, analytical method. As a solution to the problem, the author proposed to form a unified digital system in all regions of the Russian Federation, to approve a system of criteria for assessing the effectiveness of digital products in public administration and, based on the criteria proposed by the author, to evaluate the existing digital products in the regions and federal executive authorities of the Russian Federation. Thus, the author proposes to distinguish 3 categories of evaluation: economic, social and managerial. Economic evaluation is proposed to be carried out on the basis of saved funds and man-hours due to the creation of digital products. Social evaluation based on the criteria of accessibility and speed of services for citizens and the level of trust in the authorities. Managerial evaluation based on the criteria of eliminating duplicate powers and increasing the percentage of transition to digital data exchange.

The presented evaluation system, in the author's opinion, allows us to determine the necessity of using digital solutions at the stage of designing a solution to a problem.

The article provides analysis of the soft power and public diplomacy potential of the Islamic Republic of Iran, one of the key players within the Greater Eurasia. Iran has been in confrontational relations with the United States for almost half a century, is subject to various sanctions from the collective West, and is the target of attacks in the information space discrediting its sovereign path of development. Considering this, official Tehran strives to create an international image of a peace-loving state with a rich history and cultural traditions. The article examines the soft power technologies and public diplomacy tools used by Iran to solve this problem. The authors come to the conclusion that the conceptual foundations of the country’s foreign policy, cultural and historical heritage and tourism potential, the Farsi language, religious, educational diplomacy, media and digital diplomacy and the digitalization process are effective tools of Iran’s soft power and public diplomacy that are to assist in achieving significant success of Iran in regional and world politics.

The article is a study of the role and importance of the Italian Action Party (Partito d’Azione, PdA) in the formation of the country's managerial elite. The article analyzes the most significant aspects of the PdA's activities that influenced the political processes of Italy during the period of armed resistance against fascism and Nazism, as well as in the first post-war years, when the legal foundations of the country's democratic development were laid. The author tried to determine the degree of involvement of the PdA and its leaders in the political life of the country. He deliberately introduced into the text of the article a large number of names – representatives of the intellectual elite, who are widely known in Italy. The author concludes that the PdA had a great impact on the professional competence and effectiveness of the party, political and managerial elite of Italy in the 40s, as well as on the formation of a new intellectual and ideological elite of the country.

The activity of Ukrainian political forces on the territory of Russia during the era of the Civil War (1918-1922) is one of the topical and little-studied topics of modern historiography. The most influential and well-known political organizations of that time included the Confederation of Anarchist Organizations of Ukraine "Nabat". At the end of 1918-1920. She managed to consolidate the anarchist movement in her ranks on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR and neighboring regions of the RSFSR. The ideologists of the "Alarm" (A.D. Baron, V.M. Volin et al.) formulated the socio-political concept of "unified anarchism", which synthesized the main provisions of the most influential anarchist political doctrines (anarchist communism, anarcho-syndicalism and anarchist individualism) and created the ideological prerequisites for uniting the majority of anarchists. The Makhnovist movement turned out to be under the ideological influence of the Nabatovists. They took leading positions in his political, propaganda and partly military structures. The published documents reveal various aspects of the activities aimed at transforming Nabat from a Ukrainian to an all-Russian organization of anarchists, show the main aspects of the political strategy of the Nabatovites, the structural features of their organization, attitude to terrorism and other methods of political struggle.

Conceptualization of management is a qualitatively new phenomenon in the history of Russian management thought. Its beginning is associated with the attempts of several statesmen of the last quarter of the 18th century to form a system of views about the goals, objectives, principles and methods of public administration in Russia. The most significant texts of this kind include the “Order” of Paul I and the note of A.A. Bezborodko “On the needs of the Russian Empire.” The purpose of this article is to identify the conceptual elements of management theory that are contained in these texts. For this purpose, common features were established in the two approaches to the formation of the concept of public administration, as well as the differences between them. To solve these problems, methods of text conceptualization are used, combined with semantic analysis at the first stage of the study and comparative analysis at the final stage. The first result of the analysis was the identification of basic commonalities in these two approaches. The common feature was goal-setting, the universal principle of the “triumph” of laws and part of the instrumental principles of management: autocracy and the separation of classes. The second result was the identification of important differences in the understanding of instrumental principles, as well as in what management mechanisms were supposed to be used within the framework of the two emerging concepts. Paul's concept did not provide for clearly defined decision-making procedures and relied on a mechanism of bureaucratic control over the population. Bezborodko proposed developing a mechanism for public participation.

The study of the February Revolution of 1917 over the last century has attracted the close attention of scientists. At various time stages, the research issues have undergone changes, the vector of their relevance has beem noticeably shifting from one aspect to another. One of the most important areas of modern historical research is the study of socio-psychological factors that influenced the emergence and development of the February political crisis. The purpose of this article is to study the role and mechanisms of influence of these factors in revolutionary events. Based on a significant amount of source data and the use of systemic and factor analysis, the methodology of using communication channels for destabilizing political relations is revealed. An attempt is made to reveal the degree of awareness of the mass induced psychosis in the emergence and development of revolutionary processes by the scientific community of that time. The result of the conducted research is the conclusion about the inability of the public authorities of that period to cope with the destructive influence of the socio-psychological aspects of the revolutionary events.

The article deals with the biography of Chrysanth (Shchetkovsky) — the head of the Russian Theological Mission in Korea in 1899–1904 — before he was sent to Seoul. The purpose of the work is to demonstrate the peculiarities of the formation of the Russian Orthodox missionary in the conditions of deepening problems faced by Russia at the final stage of its existence, and increasing confrontation between the great powers in East Asia. The novelty of the study is determined by the use of global microhistory methodology to analyze the biographical material, which allows us to consider the private life of a person as part of the global context and, at the same time, to assess the significance of the fate of an individual in the world historical space. Chrysanth’s turn to missionary activity was dictated, on the one hand, by pragmatic reasons connected with the death of his wife and the actual impossibility to remarry, which predetermined the impossibility to fully engage in parish work, as well as by the obvious predisposition of the future head of the Ecclesiastical Mission in Seoul to educational work. At the Kazan Theological Academy a thorough religious studies training was combined with a strong school of missionary and oriental studies. Predetermined the formation of Chrysanth as an “empire builder” and prepared him to work as an agent of Russian influence and missionary of the Orthodox faith on the Korean peninsula.