Angelina A. Morozova

The second part of the study covers the period of formation and development of the environmental policy of the Russian Federation (since 1991). The article analyzes the process of formation of new legal framework for nature management in the transition period (1991–2000), characterized by a radical transformation of the institutional structure of environmental management and adaptation to market regulatory mechanisms. The article considers the stage of institutionalization of environmental policy in the systemic period (2000–2022), including the creation of a federal vertical of environmental management, the development of a regulatory framework and the integration of environmental priorities into strategic documents of state planning. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the current stage of transformation of Russia’s environmental policy in the context of external restrictions (since 2022), characterized by the need to ensure environmental security in the context of geopolitical challenges and import substitution. The study reveals trends in the development of Russian environmental policy and determines promising areas for its improvement in modern conditions.

The first part of the study is devoted to the study of the processes of formation and development of environmental policy in Russia in the imperial and Soviet periods (before 1991). The features of the emergence of environmental traditions in the Russian Empire, characterized by the fragmentation of regulatory measures and a predominantly resource-oriented approach to environmental management, are considered. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the system of socialist environmental management in the USSR, including a study of the conceptual foundations of the Soviet environmental doctrine, institutional mechanisms of environmental protection activities and contradictions between the declared principles of rational environmental management and the practice of extensive industrial development. The key factors in the transformation of approaches to environmental protection at various stages of the Soviet period are identified, and the influence of ideological attitudes on the formation of the state's environmental policy is analyzed. The study demonstrates the evolution from episodic environmental measures of the imperial period to the formation of a centralized system of environmental management in the Soviet era.