Articles

The formation of a qualitatively new managerial elite became one of the key directions in the transformation of the Russian public administration system in the 18th century. A key role in this process, in relation to the second half of the century, was played by the creator and first curator of Moscow University, Count I. I. Shuvalov. The purpose of this article is to identify and systematize conceptual approaches to the process of improving the education of the country’s managerial elite, proposed by I.I. Shuvalov in the process of his managerial activities. The basic method for implementing this task is to analyze texts written by Shuvalov. This analysis was carried out using methods of documentary, system and semantic analysis. The main result of the analysis was an understanding of the place and role of Shuvalov in the process of transforming the system of training the country's managerial elite. I.I. Shuvalov outlined all the shortcomings of the old system of training the nobility, which, by the middle of the 18th century, had become archaic. He highlighted two key problems of the education system in force at that time: weak motivation to study and the lack of social elevators. At different stages of his activity, as the founder and first curator of Moscow University, he proposed measures to improve the education system. Some of Shuvalov's proposals were implemented and justified themselves. The other part of the measures he proposed was not implemented in the 18th century. In the next century, transformations similar in spirit to Shuvalov’s proposals were carried out.

At the moment, youth policy is becoming one of the main priorities for the development of the state and society. At the same time, the problem of the demand for the potential influence of youth policy on the development of an educational organization of higher education, as well as the difficulties that arise in the process of implementing youth policy in the university development program, remains insufficiently studied. Th e research methods used were expert questioning, analysis of cause-and-effect relationships, general statistical analysis and analysis of regulatory documents, construction of matrices and graphs. Th e information base consisted of a survey of 145 vice-rectors of Russian universities from 52 regions of the Russian Federation, conducted from October to December 2023, which examined practical approaches to the implementation of youth policy. In practical terms, the article identifies the levels of influence and interconnection of the activities under study on other university policies, and presents conclusions about the high role of youth policy in terms of the strategic and economic development of the university. The most significant factors influencing the increase in university recognition, economic efficiency and strategic through the prism of youth policy were identified, and possible
criteria for its effectiveness were identifi ed. As the main results and results, the
publication contains conclusions about the specifics and significance of youth policy, promising directions for its implementation, and recommendations are given regarding measures to include youth policy in terms of effective integration
into university development programs.

2024 is an anniversary year in terms of sanctions policy. It was in 2014 that the first sanctions packages against the Russian Federation were introduced. Based on the results of the study commissioned by the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Russian Federation, a report was prepared in which the author and colleagues suggested a positive effect of sanctions from the standpoint of implementing the import substitution policy. Aft er that, a number of other articles were written, including methodological ones, but ten years later, taking into account the significant increase in sanctions pressure in 2022–2024, the author is glad that our assumptions were justified. The rate of economic growth significantly exceeds the rate before 2022, unemployment is at its lowest level, previously lost competencies and entire sectors of the national economy are being restored, investments are increasing and household incomes are growing. Yes, one cannot but acknowledge the existence of problems, such as high infl ation, difficulties with making payments in foreign trade — one must be objective, however, one cannot but acknowledge that there are clearly more positive aspects. It is important to note that representatives of state and supranational authorities openly declare that the goal of the sanctions policy is to undermine the Russian economy. Th is article contains a literature review onthe issue of sanctions  policy, highlighting blocks of research related to the justification of the sanctions policy and its goals (here, authors from the countries initiating the sanctions are mainly presented, but works by Russian scientists are also presented), the response measures of the Russian Federation, including assessments of the state of the domestic economy and its individual sectors (here, Russian authors prevail), as well as strategies for overcoming the sanctions pressure (here, works by both Russian and foreign authors are presented, including from countries that have long been subject to sanctions pressure from Western countries).

Th e article analyzes the features of public administration in the Russian Federation in the context of a Special military operation. Th e author focuses on the processes taking place since February 2022 in key sectors of the economy and the main spheres of life of the Russian state and society. It is noted that the domestic economy and administration system turned out to be much stronger than Moscow’s geopolitical rivals believed. Even before the start of the Special military operation, the authorities managed to build a technically independent national payment system from external players, which, combined with the skillful actions of various departments, made it possible to maintain financial stability. One of the main priorities of the country’s socio-economic policy has become the development of new subjects of the Russian Federation — the DPR, LPR, Zaporizhia and Kherson regions. According to the author, the state and society, as has always happened in the Russian history, have united to combat external threats. It is indicated that, unlike the Kiev regime, Moscow has not refused to hold elections of authorities at all levels and referendums, including the presidential elections, which were won by Vladimir Putin with a record result. Th e author concludes that the Russian socio-economic and political system has met the realities of a sharply complicated geopolitical situation almost without failures, and Russia has continued its course towards successful sovereign development.

The article deals with the biography of Chrysanth (Shchetkovsky) — the head of the Russian Theological Mission in Korea in 1899–1904 — before he was sent to Seoul. The purpose of the work is to demonstrate the peculiarities of the formation of the Russian Orthodox missionary in the conditions of deepening problems faced by Russia at the final stage of its existence, and increasing confrontation between the great powers in East Asia. The novelty of the study is determined by the use of global microhistory methodology to analyze the biographical material, which allows us to consider the private life of a person as part of the global context and, at the same time, to assess the significance of the fate of an individual in the world historical space. Chrysanth’s turn to missionary activity was dictated, on the one hand, by pragmatic reasons connected with the death of his wife and the actual impossibility to remarry, which predetermined the impossibility to fully engage in parish work, as well as by the obvious predisposition of the future head of the Ecclesiastical Mission in Seoul to educational work. At the Kazan Theological Academy a thorough religious studies training was combined with a strong school of missionary and oriental studies. Predetermined the formation of Chrysanth as an “empire builder” and prepared him to work as an agent of Russian influence and missionary of the Orthodox faith on the Korean peninsula.

The study of the February Revolution of 1917 over the last century has attracted the close attention of scientists. At various time stages, the research issues have undergone changes, the vector of their relevance has beem noticeably shifting from one aspect to another. One of the most important areas of modern historical research is the study of socio-psychological factors that influenced the emergence and development of the February political crisis. The purpose of this article is to study the role and mechanisms of influence of these factors in revolutionary events. Based on a significant amount of source data and the use of systemic and factor analysis, the methodology of using communication channels for destabilizing political relations is revealed. An attempt is made to reveal the degree of awareness of the mass induced psychosis in the emergence and development of revolutionary processes by the scientific community of that time. The result of the conducted research is the conclusion about the inability of the public authorities of that period to cope with the destructive influence of the socio-psychological aspects of the revolutionary events.

Conceptualization of management is a qualitatively new phenomenon in the history of Russian management thought. Its beginning is associated with the attempts of several statesmen of the last quarter of the 18th century to form a system of views about the goals, objectives, principles and methods of public administration in Russia. The most significant texts of this kind include the “Order” of Paul I and the note of A.A. Bezborodko “On the needs of the Russian Empire.” The purpose of this article is to identify the conceptual elements of management theory that are contained in these texts. For this purpose, common features were established in the two approaches to the formation of the concept of public administration, as well as the differences between them. To solve these problems, methods of text conceptualization are used, combined with semantic analysis at the first stage of the study and comparative analysis at the final stage. The first result of the analysis was the identification of basic commonalities in these two approaches. The common feature was goal-setting, the universal principle of the “triumph” of laws and part of the instrumental principles of management: autocracy and the separation of classes. The second result was the identification of important differences in the understanding of instrumental principles, as well as in what management mechanisms were supposed to be used within the framework of the two emerging concepts. Paul's concept did not provide for clearly defined decision-making procedures and relied on a mechanism of bureaucratic control over the population. Bezborodko proposed developing a mechanism for public participation.

The activity of Ukrainian political forces on the territory of Russia during the era of the Civil War (1918-1922) is one of the topical and little-studied topics of modern historiography. The most influential and well-known political organizations of that time included the Confederation of Anarchist Organizations of Ukraine "Nabat". At the end of 1918-1920. She managed to consolidate the anarchist movement in her ranks on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR and neighboring regions of the RSFSR. The ideologists of the "Alarm" (A.D. Baron, V.M. Volin et al.) formulated the socio-political concept of "unified anarchism", which synthesized the main provisions of the most influential anarchist political doctrines (anarchist communism, anarcho-syndicalism and anarchist individualism) and created the ideological prerequisites for uniting the majority of anarchists. The Makhnovist movement turned out to be under the ideological influence of the Nabatovists. They took leading positions in his political, propaganda and partly military structures. The published documents reveal various aspects of the activities aimed at transforming Nabat from a Ukrainian to an all-Russian organization of anarchists, show the main aspects of the political strategy of the Nabatovites, the structural features of their organization, attitude to terrorism and other methods of political struggle.

The article is a study of the role and importance of the Italian Action Party (Partito d’Azione, PdA) in the formation of the country's managerial elite. The article analyzes the most significant aspects of the PdA's activities that influenced the political processes of Italy during the period of armed resistance against fascism and Nazism, as well as in the first post-war years, when the legal foundations of the country's democratic development were laid. The author tried to determine the degree of involvement of the PdA and its leaders in the political life of the country. He deliberately introduced into the text of the article a large number of names – representatives of the intellectual elite, who are widely known in Italy. The author concludes that the PdA had a great impact on the professional competence and effectiveness of the party, political and managerial elite of Italy in the 40s, as well as on the formation of a new intellectual and ideological elite of the country.

The article provides analysis of the soft power and public diplomacy potential of the Islamic Republic of Iran, one of the key players within the Greater Eurasia. Iran has been in confrontational relations with the United States for almost half a century, is subject to various sanctions from the collective West, and is the target of attacks in the information space discrediting its sovereign path of development. Considering this, official Tehran strives to create an international image of a peace-loving state with a rich history and cultural traditions. The article examines the soft power technologies and public diplomacy tools used by Iran to solve this problem. The authors come to the conclusion that the conceptual foundations of the country’s foreign policy, cultural and historical heritage and tourism potential, the Farsi language, religious, educational diplomacy, media and digital diplomacy and the digitalization process are effective tools of Iran’s soft power and public diplomacy that are to assist in achieving significant success of Iran in regional and world politics.